Kuchita kwa zipangizo zotetezera kumakhudza mwachindunji khalidwe, kukonza bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa mawaya ndi zingwe. Kuchita kwa zipangizo zotetezera kumakhudza mwachindunji khalidwe, kukonza bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa mawaya ndi zingwe.
1.PVC mawaya polyvinyl kolorayidi ndi zingwe
Polyvinyl chloride (pambuyo pake amatchedwaZithunzi za PVC) zipangizo zotetezera ndi zosakaniza zomwe stabilizers, plasticizers, retardants flame, lubricant ndi zina zowonjezera zimawonjezeredwa ku PVC powder. Malinga ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso zofunikira za mawaya ndi zingwe, chilinganizocho chimasinthidwa moyenera. Pambuyo pazaka zambiri zopanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito, ukadaulo wopanga ndi kukonza wa PVC tsopano wakula kwambiri. PVC insulating zakuthupi ali ntchito kwambiri lonse m'munda wa mawaya ndi zingwe ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana ake:
A. Ukadaulo wopanga ndi wokhwima, wosavuta kupanga komanso kukonza. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zipangizo kutchinjiriza chingwe si mtengo wotsika, komanso akhoza bwino kulamulira kusiyana mtundu, gloss, kusindikiza, processing dzuwa, softness ndi kuuma kwa waya pamwamba, ndi adhesion wa kondakitala, komanso katundu makina ndi thupi ndi mphamvu magetsi wa waya wokha.
B. Ili ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yoletsa malawi, kotero mawaya a PVC otsekeredwa amatha kuthana ndi magiredi oletsa moto omwe amaperekedwa ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana.
C. Pankhani ya kukana kutentha, kudzera mu kukhathamiritsa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zakuthupi, mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ya PVC kutchinjiriza makamaka ikuphatikizapo magulu atatu awa:
Pankhani yamagetsi ovotera, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi ovotera pa 1000V AC ndi pansi, ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga zida zapakhomo, zida ndi mita, kuyatsa, ndi kulumikizana ndi netiweki.
PVC ilinso ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake:
A. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa klorini, imatulutsa Utsi wambiri wokhuthala ikayaka, yomwe imatha kuyambitsa kukomoka, kusokoneza mawonekedwe, ndikupanga ma carcinogens ndi mpweya wa HCl, zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe. Ndi chitukuko cha utsi wochepa zero halogen kutchinjiriza zipangizo kupanga luso, pang'onopang'ono m'malo PVC kutchinjiriza wakhala mchitidwe wosalephereka pa chitukuko cha zingwe.
B. Kutchinjiriza wamba kwa PVC sikumakana ma acid ndi alkalis, mafuta otentha, ndi zosungunulira za organic. Malinga ndi mfundo yamankhwala ngati amasungunuka ngati, mawaya a PVC amatha kuwonongeka komanso kusweka m'malo omwe atchulidwa. Komabe, ndi ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri zogwirira ntchito komanso mtengo wotsika. PVC zingwe akadali chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zipangizo zapakhomo, mindandanda yazakudya zounikira, zida makina, zida ndi mamita, kulankhulana maukonde, mawaya nyumba ndi madera ena.
2. Mawaya a polyethylene omangika ndi zingwe
Cross-linked PE (yotchedwa panoZithunzi za XLPE) ndi mtundu wa polyethylene womwe ungasinthe kuchokera ku mzere wozungulira wa ma molekyulu mpaka katatu-dimensional mawonekedwe atatu-dimensional pansi pa zochitika zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri kapena kugwirizanitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, imasintha kuchokera ku thermoplastic kupita ku pulasitiki yosasungunuka ya thermosetting.
Pakalipano, pakugwiritsa ntchito waya ndi chingwe chotchinjiriza, pali njira zitatu zolumikizirana:
A. Peroxide cross-linking: Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito utomoni wa polyethylene wosakanikirana ndi zolumikizira zoyenera zolumikizirana ndi ma antioxidants, kenako ndikuwonjezera zigawo zina zofunika kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta polyethylene. Panthawi ya extrusion, kugwirizanitsa kumachitika kudzera m'mipope yotentha yolumikizira mpweya.
B. Silane cross-linking (madzi ofunda kuwoloka) : Iyinso ndi njira yolumikizira mankhwala. Njira yake yayikulu ndikuwoloka organosiloxane ndi polyethylene pansi pamikhalidwe inayake, a
ndipo kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana pakati kumatha kufika pafupifupi 60%.
C. Irradiation cross-linking: Imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri monga R-ray, alpha ray, ndi electron kunyezimira kuti ma atomu a carbon mu polyethylene macromolecules ndi chifukwa chogwirizanitsa. Ma cheza amphamvu kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mawaya ndi zingwe ndi ma electron opangidwa ndi ma electron accelerators. Popeza kugwirizana kumeneku kumadalira mphamvu zakuthupi, ndiko kugwirizanitsa thupi.
Njira zitatu zomwe zili pamwambazi zolumikizirana zili ndi mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito:
Poyerekeza ndi thermoplastic polyethylene (PVC), kutchinjiriza kwa XLPE kuli ndi izi:
A. Zawonjezera kukana kwa kutentha kwa kutentha, kumapangitsa kuti makinawo azitentha kwambiri, komanso amathandizira kukana kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe komanso kukalamba kwa kutentha.
B. Imakulitsa kukhazikika kwamankhwala ndi kukana zosungunulira, kuchepetsa kuzizira kwamadzi, ndipo makamaka imasunga mphamvu zamagetsi zoyambirira. Kutentha kwanthawi yayitali kumatha kufika 125 ℃ ndi 150 ℃. The mtanda zogwirizana polyethylene insulated waya ndi chingwe komanso bwino kukana yochepa dera, ndi yochepa kutentha kukana akhoza kufika Pa 250 ℃, chifukwa mawaya ndi zingwe makulidwe omwewo, panopa kunyamula mphamvu ya mtanda zogwirizana polyethylene ndi zambiri.
C. Ili ndi zida zabwino kwambiri zamakina, zoteteza madzi komanso zosagwira ma radiation, motero zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana. Monga: mawaya amkati olumikizira zida zamagetsi, zowongolera zamagalimoto, zowongolera zowunikira, mawaya owongolera ma siginecha otsika, mawaya apamtunda, mawaya ndi zingwe zamasitima apamtunda, zingwe zoteteza chilengedwe zamigodi, zingwe za m'madzi, zingwe zoyika mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mawaya othamanga kwambiri a TV, mawaya amphamvu kwambiri, mawaya a X-RAY ndi mawaya odutsa ndi zina.
Mawaya ndi zingwe za XLPE zili ndi zabwino zambiri, koma zilinso ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo:
A. Kulephera kumamatira kosagwira kutentha. Mukakonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawaya opitilira kutentha kwake, ndizosavuta kuti mawayawo azimatirana. Pazovuta kwambiri, zimatha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa insulation ndi mabwalo amfupi.
B. Kusasunthika bwino kwa kutentha. Pa kutentha kuposa 200 ℃, kutsekemera kwa mawaya kumakhala kofewa kwambiri. Mukakamizidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja kapena kugundana, zimakhala zosavuta kuti mawaya adutse ndi kufupikitsa.
C. Ndizovuta kuwongolera kusiyana kwamitundu pakati pa magulu. Mavuto monga kukwapula, kuyera ndi zilembo zosindikizidwa zimatha kuchitika panthawi yokonza.
D. Kutsekemera kwa XLPE kokhala ndi kutentha kwa 150 ℃ kulibe halogen kwathunthu ndipo kumatha kuyesa kuyesa kuyaka kwa VW-1 molingana ndi miyezo ya UL1581, ndikusunga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zamakina ndi magetsi. Komabe, pali zopinga zina muukadaulo wopanga ndipo mtengo wake ndi wokwera.
3. Mawaya a mphira a silicone ndi zingwe
Mamolekyu a polima a rabara ya silikoni ndi maunyolo opangidwa ndi SI-O (silicon-oxygen) bond. Mgwirizano wa SI-O ndi 443.5KJ/MOL, womwe ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mphamvu ya CC bond (355KJ/MOL). Mawaya ambiri a mphira silikoni ndi zingwe amapangidwa kudzera ozizira extrusion ndi mkulu-kutentha vulcanization njira. Pakati pa mawaya opangira mphira ndi zingwe, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera a maselo, mphira ya silikoni imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba poyerekeza ndi ma raba ena wamba.
A. Ndiwofewa kwambiri, amatanuka bwino, alibe fungo komanso alibe poizoni, ndipo siwopa kutentha kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira kuzizira koopsa. Kutentha kwa ntchito kumayambira -90 mpaka 300 ℃. Rabara ya silicone imakhala ndi kutentha kwabwinoko kuposa mphira wamba. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza pa 200 ℃ komanso kwa nthawi pa 350 ℃.
B. Kukana kwanyengo kwabwino kwambiri. Ngakhale zitakhala nthawi yayitali ndi cheza cha ultraviolet ndi nyengo zina, mawonekedwe ake amangosintha pang'ono.
C. Rabara ya silicone imakhala ndi mphamvu yotsutsa kwambiri ndipo kukana kwake kumakhalabe kokhazikika pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi mafupipafupi.
Pakadali pano, mphira wa silikoni umalimbana kwambiri ndi kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwamagetsi komanso kutulutsa kwa arc. Mawaya opangidwa ndi mphira wa mphira wa silicone ali ndi maubwino omwe ali pamwambapa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamawaya amagetsi othamanga kwambiri pama TV, mawaya osatentha kwambiri a uvuni wa microwave, mawaya ophikira ophikira, mawaya a khofi POTS, amatsogolera nyali, zida za UV, nyali za halogen, mawaya olumikizana amkati ndi mafani ang'onoang'ono anyumba.
Komabe, zofooka zake zina zimachepetsanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo:
A. Kusagwetsa misozi. Panthawi yokonza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito, imakhala yowonongeka chifukwa cha mphamvu yakunja, kukanda ndikupera, zomwe zingayambitse dera lalifupi. Njira yodzitchinjiriza yapano ndikuwonjezera wosanjikiza wa ulusi wagalasi kapena ulusi wotentha kwambiri wa polyester woluka kunja kwa silika. Komabe, pakukonza, ndikofunikirabe kupewa kuvulala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yakunja kufinya momwe mungathere.
B. The vulcanizing agent yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga vulcanization ndi pawiri, ziwiri, zinayi. Mankhwalawa ali ndi chlorine. Zopangira vulcanizing zopanda halogen (monga platinamu vulcanizing) zimakhala ndi zofunikira pakutentha kwa chilengedwe ndipo ndizokwera mtengo. Choncho, pokonza ma harnesses a waya, mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kudziwika: kupanikizika kwa gudumu lamagetsi sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mphira kuti mupewe kusweka panthawi yopanga, zomwe zingayambitse kusakanizidwa bwino.
4. Waya wolumikizidwa ndi ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rabara (XLEPDM)
Cross-linked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rabara ndi terpolymer ya ethylene, propylene ndi diene yopanda conjugated, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa kudzera mu mankhwala kapena njira zowunikira. Waya wolumikizidwa ndi mphira wa EPDM umaphatikiza zabwino zonse za waya wa polyolefin komanso waya wamba wamba:
A. Kufewa, kusinthasintha, zotanuka, zosagwira pakatentha kwambiri, kukana kukalamba kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso kugonjetsedwa ndi nyengo yovuta (-60 mpaka 125 ℃).
B. Kukana kwa ozoni, kukana kwa UV, kukana kwamagetsi kwamagetsi, komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri.
C. Kukana kwamafuta ndi zosungunulira kumafanana ndi kutsekereza mphira kwa chloroprene. Imakonzedwa ndi zida wamba zotentha zakunja ndikulumikizana ndi kuwala kwa waya kumatengedwa, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kukonza komanso kutsika mtengo. Mawaya olumikizidwa ndi ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) ali ndi zabwino zambiri zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga firiji compressor lead, ma lead motor motor, lead lead, zingwe zam'manja m'migodi, kubowola, magalimoto, zida zamankhwala, zombo, ndi mawaya amkati amagetsi.
Kuipa kwakukulu kwa mawaya a XLEPDM ndi:
A. Monga mawaya a XLPE ndi PVC, ili ndi vuto losang'ambika bwino.
B. Kumamatira kosauka komanso kudzikonda kumakhudza kusinthika kotsatira.
5. Fluoroplastic mawaya ndi zingwe
Poyerekeza ndi zingwe za polyethylene ndi polyvinyl chloride, zingwe za fluoroplastic zili ndi izi zodziwika bwino:
A. Ma fluoroplastic osamva kutentha kwambiri amakhala ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha modabwitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zingwe za fluoroplastic zigwirizane ndi kutentha kwambiri kuyambira 150 mpaka 250 digiri Celsius. Pansi pa ma kondakitala omwe ali ndi gawo lomwelo, zingwe za fluoroplastic zimatha kutumiza mphamvu yayikulu yovomerezeka, potero kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mawaya amtunduwu. Chifukwa cha malo apaderawa, zingwe za fluoroplastic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawaya amkati ndi mawaya otsogolera mundege, zombo, ng'anjo zotentha kwambiri, ndi zida zamagetsi.
B. Kuchedwa kwabwino kwa malawi: Ma Fluoroplastics ali ndi index yochuluka ya okosijeni, ndipo ikayaka, kufalikira kwa malawi kumakhala kochepa, kumatulutsa utsi wochepa. Waya wopangidwa kuchokera pamenepo ndi woyenera zida ndi malo omwe ali ndi zofunika kwambiri pakuchepetsa kwamoto. Mwachitsanzo: makompyuta, njanji zapansi panthaka, magalimoto, nyumba zazitali ndi malo ena opezeka anthu ambiri, ndi zina zotero. Moto ukayaka, anthu amatha kukhala ndi nthawi yochoka popanda kugwetsedwa ndi utsi wochuluka, motero amapeza nthawi yamtengo wapatali yopulumutsira.
C. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwamagetsi: Poyerekeza ndi polyethylene, fluoroplastics imakhala ndi dielectric yotsika. Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi zingwe za coaxial zamapangidwe ofanana, zingwe za fluoroplastic sizimatsitsa pang'ono ndipo ndizoyenera kutumizira ma siginolo apamwamba kwambiri. Masiku ano, kuchulukirachulukira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito chingwe kwakhala chizolowezi. Pakalipano, chifukwa cha kutentha kwapamwamba kwa fluoroplastics, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawaya amkati a zipangizo zotumizira ndi zoyankhulirana, zodumpha pakati pa ma feeder opanda zingwe ndi ma transmitters, ndi makanema ndi zingwe zomvetsera. Kuphatikiza apo, zingwe za fluoroplastic zili ndi mphamvu yabwino ya dielectric komanso kukana kutsekereza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zingwe zowongolera zida zofunika ndi mita.
D. Wangwiro makina ndi mankhwala katundu: Fluoroplastics ndi mkulu mankhwala chomangira mphamvu, kukhazikika mkulu, pafupifupi osakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, ndipo ali ndi nyengo yabwino kukana kukalamba ndi mphamvu makina. Ndipo sichimakhudzidwa ndi ma acid osiyanasiyana, alkalis ndi organic solvents. Chifukwa chake, ndiyoyenera madera omwe ali ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo ndi nyengo zowononga, monga petrochemicals, kuyenga mafuta, ndi kuwongolera zida zamafuta.
E. Imathandizira kulumikizana kowotcherera Mu zida zamagetsi, kulumikizana kwakukulu kumapangidwa ndi kuwotcherera. Chifukwa cha kutsika kosungunuka kwa mapulasitiki wamba, amakonda kusungunuka mosavuta pa kutentha kwakukulu, zomwe zimafuna luso lazowotcherera. Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo zina zowotcherera zimafunikira nthawi yowotcherera, zomwe ndichifukwa chake zingwe za fluoroplastic zimatchuka. Monga mawaya amkati a zida zoyankhulirana ndi zida zamagetsi.
Zachidziwikire, ma fluoroplastic akadali ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo:
A. Mtengo wa zipangizo ndi wapamwamba. Pakalipano, zokolola zapakhomo zimadalirabe katundu wochokera kunja (Daikin waku Japan ndi DuPont waku United States). Ngakhale ma fluoroplastics apanyumba akula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, mitundu yopanga idakali imodzi. Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zochokera kunja, pali kusiyana kwina mu kukhazikika kwa kutentha ndi zina zambiri za zipangizo.
B. Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zina zotetezera, njira yopangira zinthu imakhala yovuta kwambiri, kupanga bwino kumakhala kochepa, zilembo zosindikizidwa zimakhala zosavuta kugwa, ndipo kutayika kumakhala kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wake ukhale wokwera kwambiri.
Pomaliza, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse yomwe tatchulayi ya zida zotsekera, makamaka zotenthetsera zapadera zomwe zimatha kutentha kwambiri kuposa 105 ℃, zikadali munthawi yakusintha ku China. Kaya ndi kupanga mawaya kapena kukonza mawaya, palibe njira yokhwima yokha, komanso njira yomvetsetsa bwino ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mtundu uwu wa waya.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-27-2025