Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka zinthu zotetezera kutentha kumakhudza mwachindunji ubwino, magwiridwe antchito abwino a mawaya ndi zingwe. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka zinthu zotetezera kutentha kumakhudza mwachindunji ubwino, magwiridwe antchito abwino a mawaya ndi zingwe.
1. Mawaya ndi zingwe za PVC polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride (yomwe imadziwikanso kutiPVCZipangizo zotetezera kutentha () ndi zosakaniza zomwe zokhazikika, zoteteza kutentha, zoletsa moto, mafuta ndi zina zowonjezera zimawonjezeredwa ku ufa wa PVC. Malinga ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunikira za mawaya ndi zingwe, njirayo imasinthidwa moyenera. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri zopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, ukadaulo wopanga ndi kukonza wa PVC tsopano wakula kwambiri. Zipangizo zotetezera kutentha za PVC zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mawaya ndi zingwe ndipo zili ndi mawonekedwe akeake:
A. Ukadaulo wopanga ndi wokhwima, wosavuta kupanga ndi kukonza. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zipangizo zotetezera mawaya, sikuti umangokhala ndi mtengo wotsika, komanso umatha kuwongolera bwino kusiyana kwa mitundu, kunyezimira, kusindikiza, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa makina, kufewa ndi kuuma kwa waya, kumatirira kwa kondakitala, komanso mawonekedwe a makina ndi thupi komanso mphamvu zamagetsi za waya wokha.
B. Ili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri oletsa moto, kotero mawaya otetezedwa ndi PVC amatha kukwaniritsa mosavuta magiredi oletsa moto omwe amaperekedwa ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana.
C. Ponena za kukana kutentha, kudzera mu kukonza ndi kukonza ma formula azinthu, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya PVC insulation ikuphatikizapo magulu atatu otsatirawa:
Ponena za mphamvu yamagetsi yovotera, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 1000V AC ndi pansi pake, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga zida zapakhomo, zida ndi zoyezera magetsi, magetsi, ndi kulumikizana kwa netiweki.
PVC ilinso ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito:
A. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chlorine, imatulutsa utsi wambiri wochuluka ikayaka, zomwe zingayambitse kupuma, kusokoneza mawonekedwe, ndikupanga zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa khansa ndi mpweya wa HCl, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu ku chilengedwe. Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wopanga zinthu zoteteza utsi wotsika, kusintha pang'onopang'ono PVC insulation kwakhala njira yosapeŵeka pakukula kwa zingwe.
B. Kuteteza kwa PVC wamba kumakhala kolimba ku zidulo ndi alkali, mafuta otentha, ndi zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi mfundo ya mankhwala ya ngati kusungunuka ngati, mawaya a PVC amatha kuwonongeka ndi kusweka mosavuta m'malo omwe atchulidwa. Komabe, chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito ake abwino komanso mtengo wake wotsika. Mawaya a PVC amagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri m'zida zapakhomo, zowunikira, zida zamakanika, zida ndi mita, kulumikizana kwa netiweki, mawaya omangira nyumba ndi zina.
2. Mawaya ndi zingwe za polyethylene zolumikizidwa
PE yolumikizidwa ndi mtanda (yomwe ikutchedwanso kutiXLPE) ndi mtundu wa polyethylene womwe ungasinthe kuchoka pa kapangidwe ka molekyulu kolunjika kupita ku kapangidwe ka miyeso itatu-magawo atatu pansi pa mikhalidwe ina pansi pa mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri kapena zinthu zolumikizirana. Nthawi yomweyo, umasintha kuchoka pa thermoplastic kupita ku thermosetting plastic yosasungunuka.
Pakadali pano, pakugwiritsa ntchito waya ndi chingwe chotetezera kutentha, pali njira zitatu zolumikizirana:
A. Kulumikiza kwa peroxide: Choyamba, kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito utomoni wa polyethylene pamodzi ndi zinthu zoyenera zolumikizirana ndi ma antioxidants, kenako kuwonjezera zinthu zina zofunika popanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta polyethylene tolumikizana. Panthawi yotulutsa, kulumikizana kumachitika kudzera m'mapaipi otentha olumikizirana ndi nthunzi.
B. Kulumikiza kwa Silane (kulumikiza madzi ofunda): Iyi ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi mankhwala. Njira yake yayikulu ndikulumikiza organosiloxane ndi polyethylene pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake,
Ndipo mlingo wa cross-linking nthawi zambiri ukhoza kufika pafupifupi 60%.
C. Kulumikiza kwa ma radiation: Kumagwiritsa ntchito ma radiation amphamvu kwambiri monga ma R-ray, ma alpha rays, ndi ma electron rays kuti kuyatsa ma atomu a carbon mu macromolecules a polyethylene ndikuyambitsa kulumikizana. Ma radiation amphamvu kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mawaya ndi zingwe ndi ma electron rays opangidwa ndi ma electron accelerators. Popeza kulumikizana kumeneku kumadalira mphamvu zakuthupi, ndi gawo la physical cross-linking.
Njira zitatu zosiyana zolumikizirana zomwe zili pamwambapa zili ndi makhalidwe ndi ntchito zosiyana:
Poyerekeza ndi thermoplastic polyethylene (PVC), XLPE insulation ili ndi ubwino wotsatira:
A. Yawonjezera kukana kutentha, yawonjezera mphamvu za makina kutentha kwambiri, komanso yawonjezera kukana kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe komanso kukalamba kwa kutentha.
B. Yalimbitsa kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi kukana zosungunulira, yachepetsa kuyenda kozizira, ndipo kwenikweni yasunga magwiridwe antchito amagetsi oyamba. Kutentha kwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kumatha kufika 125℃ ndi 150℃. Waya wotetezedwa ndi polyethylene wolumikizidwa ndi waya ndi chingwe zimathandiziranso kukana kwafupipafupi, ndipo kukana kwake kutentha kwakanthawi kochepa kumatha kufika 250℃, pa mawaya ndi zingwe za makulidwe omwewo, mphamvu yonyamula magetsi ya polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi cross-linked ndi yayikulu kwambiri.
C. Ili ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zamakanika, zosalowa madzi komanso zosagwira ma radiation, kotero imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Monga: mawaya olumikizira mkati mwa zida zamagetsi, mawaya amagetsi, mawaya oyatsa magetsi, mawaya owongolera chizindikiro chamagetsi otsika mphamvu zamagalimoto, mawaya a sitima, mawaya ndi zingwe za sitima zapansi panthaka, zingwe zoteteza chilengedwe za migodi, zingwe za m'madzi, zingwe zoyika mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mawaya amagetsi amphamvu zama TV, mawaya amagetsi amphamvu owombera X-RAY, ndi mawaya ndi zingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndi zina zotero.
Mawaya ndi zingwe zotetezedwa ndi XLPE zili ndi ubwino waukulu, komanso zili ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito:
A. Kugwira ntchito molakwika kwa mawaya osagwira kutentha. Mukamakonza ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawaya opitirira kutentha komwe amafunikira, zimakhala zosavuta kuti mawaya azigwirana. Pazochitika zazikulu, zimatha kuwononga insulation ndi ma short circuits.
B. Kukana kutentha koipa. Pa kutentha kopitilira 200℃, kutchinjiriza kwa mawaya kumakhala kofewa kwambiri. Akakakamizidwa kapena kugundana ndi mphamvu yakunja, nthawi zambiri mawayawo amatha kudula ndi kufupika kwa magetsi.
C. N'kovuta kuwongolera kusiyana kwa mitundu pakati pa magulu. Mavuto monga kukanda, kuyera, ndi zilembo zosindikizidwa zomwe zimachotsedwa nthawi zambiri zimachitika panthawi yokonza.
D. Chotenthetsera cha XLPE chokhala ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 150 ℃ sichili ndi halogen konse ndipo chitha kupambana mayeso a kuyaka kwa VW-1 motsatira miyezo ya UL1581, pomwe chikukhala ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zamagetsi ndi makina. Komabe, pali zovuta zina muukadaulo wopanga ndipo mtengo wake ndi wokwera.
3. Mawaya ndi zingwe za rabara la silikoni
Mamolekyu a polima a mphira wa silicone ndi mapangidwe a unyolo opangidwa ndi ma bond a SI-O (silicon-oxygen). Bond ya SI-O ndi 443.5KJ/MOL, yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa mphamvu ya CC bond (355KJ/MOL). Ma waya ndi zingwe zambiri za mphira wa silicone zimapangidwa kudzera mu njira zoziziritsa kuzizira komanso njira zotenthetsera kwambiri. Pakati pa mawaya ndi zingwe zosiyanasiyana za mphira zopangidwa, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kapadera ka molekyulu, mphira wa silicone umagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma rabara ena wamba.
A. Ndi yofewa kwambiri, imakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwabwino, yopanda fungo komanso yopanda poizoni, ndipo siopa kutentha kwambiri ndipo imatha kupirira kuzizira kwambiri. Kutentha kwake ndi kuyambira -90 mpaka 300℃. Rabala ya silicone imakhala ndi kukana kutentha bwino kuposa rabala wamba. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza pa 200℃ komanso kwa nthawi yayitali pa 350℃.
B. Kupirira bwino nyengo. Ngakhale atakhala ndi mphamvu ya ultraviolet kwa nthawi yayitali komanso nyengo zina, mawonekedwe ake enieni asintha pang'ono chabe.
C. Rabala ya silikoni imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri ndipo mphamvu yake imakhala yolimba pa kutentha ndi ma frequency osiyanasiyana.
Pakadali pano, rabara ya silicone imalimbana bwino ndi kutuluka kwa corona ndi arc discharge. Mawaya ndi zingwe zoteteza rabara ya silicone zili ndi zabwino zambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mawaya amagetsi amphamvu kwambiri a ma TV, mawaya osatentha kwambiri a ma uvuni a microwave, mawaya a induction cooker, mawaya a khofi POTS, ma lead a nyali, zida za UV, nyali za halogen, mawaya olumikizira mkati mwa ma uvuni ndi mafani, makamaka pazida zazing'ono zapakhomo.
Komabe, zina mwa zofooka zake zimalepheretsanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo:
A. Kulephera kugwetsa misozi. Pokonza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito, imatha kuwonongeka chifukwa cha mphamvu yakunja yoponda, kukanda ndi kupukuta, zomwe zingayambitse kufupika kwa magetsi. Njira yodzitetezera yomwe ilipo pano ndi kuwonjezera ulusi wagalasi kapena ulusi wa polyester wotentha kwambiri wolukidwa kunja kwa silicone insulation. Komabe, pokonza, ndikofunikirabe kupewa kuvulala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yakunja yoponda momwe zingathere.
B. Chogwiritsira ntchito vulcanizing chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga vulcanization ndi chawiri, ziwiri, zinayi. Chogwiritsira ntchito vulcanizing ichi chili ndi chlorine. Chogwiritsira ntchito vulcanizing chopanda halogen konse (monga platinum vulcanizing) chili ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa kutentha kwa malo opangira ndipo ndi okwera mtengo. Chifukwa chake, pokonza zingwe za waya, mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa: kuthamanga kwa gudumu lokakamiza sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za rabara kuti mupewe kusweka panthawi yopanga, zomwe zingayambitse kukana kupanikizika.
4. Waya wa rabara wa ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) (XLEPDM) wolumikizidwa ndi mtanda
Rabala ya ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) yolumikizidwa ndi mtanda ndi terpolymer ya ethylene, propylene ndi diene yosalumikizidwa, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi mtanda pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena njira zowunikira. Waya wotetezedwa ndi mpira wa EPDM wolumikizidwa ndi mtanda umaphatikiza zabwino za waya wotetezedwa ndi polyolefin ndi waya wamba wotetezedwa ndi mpira:
A. Yofewa, yosinthasintha, yotanuka, yosamamatira kutentha kwambiri, yolimba kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso yolimba ku nyengo yovuta (-60 mpaka 125℃).
B. Kukana kwa ozoni, kukana kwa UV, kukana kwa magetsi oteteza kutentha, komanso kukana dzimbiri kwa mankhwala.
C. Kukana kwa mafuta ndi zosungunulira kumafanana ndi kukana kwa kutchinjiriza kwa rabara ya chloroprene yogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Imakonzedwa ndi zida wamba zotulutsira kutentha ndipo kulumikizidwa kwa radiation kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe ndikosavuta kukonza komanso kotsika mtengo. Mawaya otetezedwa a rabara a ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) ali ndi zabwino zambiri zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga ma lead a compressor oziziritsa, ma lead a mota osalowa madzi, ma lead a transformer, ma waya oyenda m'migodi, kuboola, magalimoto, zida zamankhwala, zombo, ndi mawaya amkati amagetsi.
Zoyipa zazikulu za mawaya a XLEPDM ndi izi:
A. Monga mawaya a XLPE ndi PVC, ili ndi mphamvu yolimba yolimbana ndi kung'ambika.
B. Kusagwira bwino ntchito komanso kudzimamatira kumakhudza kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zinthu pambuyo pake.
5. Mawaya ndi zingwe za pulasitiki
Poyerekeza ndi zingwe za polyethylene ndi polyvinyl chloride zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zingwe za fluoroplastic zili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
A. Ma fluoroplastics osatentha kwambiri amakhala ndi kutentha kosasunthika, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zingwe za fluoroplastic zizitha kusintha kutentha kwambiri kuyambira madigiri 150 mpaka 250 Celsius. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma conductors omwe ali ndi gawo lomwelo, zingwe za fluoroplastic zimatha kutumiza mphamvu yochulukirapo yovomerezeka, motero zimakulitsa kwambiri mtundu uwu wa waya wotetezedwa. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera awa, zingwe za fluoroplastic nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mawaya amkati ndi mawaya a lead m'ndege, zombo, uvuni wotentha kwambiri, ndi zida zamagetsi.
B. Kuletsa moto bwino: Ma fluoroplastics ali ndi mpweya wambiri, ndipo akayaka, kufalikira kwa moto kumakhala kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa utsi wochepa. Waya wopangidwa kuchokera pamenepo ndi woyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi malo omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pakuletsa moto. Mwachitsanzo: maukonde apakompyuta, sitima zapansi panthaka, magalimoto, nyumba zazitali ndi malo ena opezeka anthu ambiri, ndi zina zotero. Moto ukayamba, anthu amatha kukhala ndi nthawi yoti achoke popanda kugwetsedwa ndi utsi wambiri, motero amapeza nthawi yopulumutsa.
C. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwamagetsi: Poyerekeza ndi polyethylene, ma fluoroplastics ali ndi dielectric constant yotsika. Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi zingwe za coaxial zomwe zili ndi kapangidwe kofanana, zingwe za fluoroplastic zimakhala ndi kuchepa pang'ono kwa mphamvu ndipo ndizoyenera kutumiza ma signali pafupipafupi. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe kwakhala chizolowezi. Pakadali pano, chifukwa cha kukana kutentha kwambiri kwa ma fluoroplastics, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mawaya amkati pazida zotumizira ndi kulumikizana, ma jumpers pakati pa ma feeder ndi ma transmitter opanda zingwe, komanso zingwe zamakanema ndi mawu. Kuphatikiza apo, zingwe za fluoroplastic zili ndi mphamvu yabwino ya dielectric komanso kukana kutenthetsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zingwe zowongolera zida zofunika ndi zoyezera.
D. Kapangidwe kabwino ka makina ndi mankhwala: Ma fluoroplastic ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yolumikizirana ndi mankhwala, kukhazikika kwakukulu, sakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi kukalamba kwa nyengo komanso mphamvu ya makina. Ndipo sakhudzidwa ndi ma acid osiyanasiyana, ma alkali ndi zosungunulira zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ndi oyenera malo omwe nyengo ili ndi kusintha kwakukulu komanso zinthu zowononga, monga petrochemicals, mafuta oyenga, ndi zida zowongolera zitsime zamafuta.
E. Zimathandizira kulumikizana kwa zolumikizira Mu zida zamagetsi, zolumikizira zambiri zimapangidwa ndi kuwotcherera. Chifukwa cha malo otsika osungunuka a pulasitiki wamba, nthawi zambiri amasungunuka mosavuta kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna luso la kuwotcherera. Kuphatikiza apo, malo ena owotcherera amafunika nthawi yowotcherera, yomwe ndi chifukwa chake zingwe za fluoroplastic ndizodziwika. Monga mawaya amkati a zida zolumikizirana ndi zida zamagetsi.
Zachidziwikire, ma fluoroplastics akadali ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimawalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito:
A. Mtengo wa zipangizo zopangira ndi wokwera. Pakadali pano, kupanga zinthu m'nyumba kumadalira kwambiri zinthu zochokera kunja (Daikin wa ku Japan ndi DuPont wa ku United States). Ngakhale kuti ma fluoroplastics am'nyumba akukula mofulumira m'zaka zaposachedwa, mitundu yopangira zinthuzo ndi imodzi yokha. Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zochokera kunja, pali kusiyana kwina mu kukhazikika kwa kutentha ndi zinthu zina zonse za zipangizozo.
B. Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zina zotetezera kutentha, njira yopangira zinthu ndi yovuta kwambiri, mphamvu yopangira zinthu ndi yochepa, zilembo zosindikizidwa zimatha kugwa, ndipo kutayika kwake ndi kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wopangira zinthu ukhale wokwera kwambiri.
Pomaliza, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ya zipangizo zotetezera kutentha zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, makamaka zipangizo zapadera zotetezera kutentha kwambiri zomwe zimapirira kutentha kopitilira 105℃, kudakali mu nthawi yosintha ku China. Kaya ndi kupanga waya kapena kukonza waya, sikuti ndi njira yokhwima yokha, komanso njira yomvetsetsa bwino ubwino ndi kuipa kwa waya wamtunduwu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-27-2025