Zipangizo za polyolefin, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mphamvu zake zamagetsi zabwino kwambiri, kuthekera kozikonza, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino m'chilengedwe, zakhala chimodzi mwazipangizo zotetezera kutentha ndi zotchingira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe.
Ma polyolefin ndi ma polima olemera kwambiri omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma monomers a olefin monga ethylene, propylene, ndi butene. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma waya, ma paketi, zomangamanga, zamagalimoto, ndi zamankhwala.
Pakupanga zingwe, zipangizo za polyolefin zimapereka mphamvu zochepa zamagetsi, kutchinjiriza kwapamwamba, komanso kukana mankhwala, zomwe zimaonetsetsa kuti zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zotetezeka kwa nthawi yayitali. Makhalidwe awo opanda halogen komanso obwezerezedwanso amagwirizananso ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano pakupanga zinthu zobiriwira komanso zokhazikika.
I. Kugawa ndi Mtundu wa Monomer
1. Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene (PE) ndi utomoni wa thermoplastic womwe umapangidwa kuchokera ku ethylene monomers ndipo ndi imodzi mwa mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kutengera kuchulukana ndi kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu, imagawidwa m'mitundu ya LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, ndi XLPE.
(1)Polyethylene Yotsika Kwambiri (LDPE)
Kapangidwe: Kopangidwa ndi polymerization ya free-radical yothamanga kwambiri; ili ndi maunyolo ambiri ozungulira, okhala ndi crystallinity ya 55–65% ndi kachulukidwe ka 0.91–0.93 g/cm³.
Kapangidwe kake: Kofewa, kowonekera bwino, komanso kosagwedezeka koma kumateteza kutentha pang'ono (mpaka pafupifupi 80 °C).
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida cholumikizirana ndi zingwe zolumikizirana, kusinthasintha komanso kutchinjiriza.
(2) Polyethylene Yokhala ndi Kachulukidwe Kakakulu (HDPE)
Kapangidwe: Kopangidwa ndi polima pansi pa mphamvu yochepa pogwiritsa ntchito ma catalyst a Ziegler-Natta; ali ndi nthambi zochepa kapena alibe nthambi, crystallinity yayikulu (80-95%), ndi kachulukidwe ka 0.94-0.96 g/cm³.
Katundu: Mphamvu yayikulu komanso kulimba, kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mankhwala, koma kulimba pang'ono kotsika kutentha.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazigawo zotetezera kutentha, ma conduits olumikizirana, ndi zigoba za fiber optic cable, zomwe zimapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri pa nyengo ndi makina, makamaka pamakina akunja kapena pansi pa nthaka.
(3) Polyethylene Yotsika Kwambiri (LLDPE)
Kapangidwe: Kopolimeri kuchokera ku ethylene ndi α-olefin, yokhala ndi nthambi zazifupi; kuchulukana pakati pa 0.915–0.925 g/cm³.
Katundu: Zimaphatikiza kusinthasintha ndi mphamvu komanso kukana kubowola bwino.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zotetezera kutentha ndi zotetezera kutentha m'zingwe zotsika komanso zapakati komanso zingwe zowongolera, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ndi kukana kupindika.
(4)Polyethylene Yolumikizidwa ndi Mtanda (XLPE)
Kapangidwe: Netiweki ya magawo atatu yopangidwa kudzera mu kulumikizana kwa mankhwala kapena kwa thupi (silane, peroxide, kapena electron-beam).
Katundu: Kukana kutentha kwambiri, mphamvu ya makina, kutchinjiriza magetsi, komanso kupirira nyengo.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zingwe zamagetsi zapakati ndi zapamwamba, zingwe zatsopano zamagetsi, ndi zingwe zamagalimoto — chinthu chodziwika bwino choteteza kutentha chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zingwe zamakono.
2. Polypropylene (PP)
Polypropylene (PP), yopangidwa ndi polymer kuchokera ku propylene, ili ndi kuchuluka kwa 0.89–0.92 g/cm³, malo osungunuka a 164–176 °C, ndi kutentha kwa ntchito kuyambira -30 °C mpaka 140 °C.
Katundu: Wopepuka, wamphamvu kwambiri pamakina, wokana mankhwala, komanso woteteza magetsi bwino kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati chinthu choteteza kuzizira chopanda halogen m'zingwe. Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwakukulu kwa chitetezo cha chilengedwe, polypropylene yolumikizidwa (XLPP) ndi modified copolymer PP zikulowa m'malo mwa polyethylene yachikhalidwe m'makina a zingwe otentha kwambiri komanso amphamvu kwambiri, monga njanji, mphamvu ya mphepo, ndi zingwe zamagalimoto zamagetsi.
3. Polybutylene (PB)
Polybutylene ikuphatikizapo Poly(1-butene) (PB-1) ndi Polyisobutylene (PIB).
Katundu: Kukana kutentha bwino, kukhazikika kwa mankhwala, komanso kukana kukwawa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: PB-1 imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapaipi, mafilimu, ndi ma CD, pomwe PIB imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zingwe ngati gel yotchinga madzi, sealant, ndi compound yodzaza chifukwa cha kusalowa mpweya komanso kusagwira ntchito kwa mankhwala—yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zingwe za fiber optic potseka ndi kuteteza chinyezi.
II. Zipangizo Zina Zodziwika za Polyolefin
(1) Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA)
EVA imaphatikiza ethylene ndi vinyl acetate, yokhala ndi kusinthasintha komanso kukana kuzizira (imasunga kusinthasintha pa -50 °C).
Katundu: Yofewa, yolimba, yopanda poizoni, komanso yolimba.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Mu zingwe, EVA nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosinthira kusinthasintha kapena utomoni wonyamula mu Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) formulations, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizikhala zokhazikika komanso zosinthasintha za insulation ndi sheath zomwe zimakhala zotetezeka ku chilengedwe.
(2) Polyethylene Yolemera Kwambiri (UHMWPE)
Ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu opitilira 1.5 miliyoni, UHMWPE ndi pulasitiki yapamwamba kwambiri.
Katundu: Mapulasitiki ndi olimba kwambiri kuposa ABS, amalimbana ndi kuwonongeka nthawi zisanu kuposa ABS, amalimbana bwino ndi mankhwala, komanso amayamwa chinyezi chochepa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zamagetsi ndi zingwe zapadera ngati chophimba chapamwamba kapena chophimba cha zinthu zomangika, zomwe zimawonjezera kukana kuwonongeka kwa makina ndi kusweka.
III. Mapeto
Zipangizo za polyolefin sizili ndi halogen, sizimatulutsa utsi wambiri, komanso sizili ndi poizoni zikawotchedwa. Zimapereka kukhazikika kwabwino kwamagetsi, makina, ndi kukonza, ndipo magwiridwe antchito awo amatha kupititsidwa patsogolo kudzera muukadaulo wolumikiza, kusakaniza, ndi kulumikiza.
Chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwawo chitetezo, kusamala chilengedwe, komanso magwiridwe antchito odalirika, zipangizo za polyolefin zakhala njira yofunika kwambiri mumakampani amakono a waya ndi zingwe. Poyang'ana mtsogolo, pamene magawo monga magalimoto atsopano amphamvu, ma photovoltaic, ndi kulumikizana kwa deta akupitilira kukula, zatsopano mu ntchito za polyolefin zidzapititsa patsogolo chitukuko chapamwamba komanso chokhazikika cha makampani a zingwe.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-17-2025