1 Chiyambi
Ndi chitukuko chachangu cha ukadaulo wolumikizirana m'zaka khumi zapitazi, gawo la kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe za fiber optic lakhala likukulirakulira. Pamene zofunikira zachilengedwe za zingwe za fiber optic zikupitirira kukula, momwemonso zofunikira za mtundu wa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe za fiber optic. Tepi yotchingira madzi ya fiber optic ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chotchingira madzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga zingwe za fiber optic, ntchito yotseka, kuletsa madzi kulowa, chinyezi ndi chitetezo cha buffer mu zingwe za fiber optic yadziwika kwambiri, ndipo mitundu yake ndi magwiridwe ake akhala akukonzedwa nthawi zonse ndikukula bwino ndikukula kwa zingwe za fiber optic. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kapangidwe ka "kouma pakati" kanalowetsedwa mu zingwe za optical. Mtundu uwu wa zinthu zotchingira madzi za chingwe nthawi zambiri umakhala kuphatikiza tepi, ulusi kapena zokutira kuti madzi asalowe mkati mwa zingwe. Ndi kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa zingwe zouma pakati pa fiber optic, zida zouma pakati pa fiber optic zikulowa m'malo mwachangu mankhwala odzaza zingwe okhala ndi mafuta a petroleum jelly. Zinthu zouma pakati zimagwiritsa ntchito polima yomwe imayamwa madzi mwachangu kuti ipange hydrogel, yomwe imafukiza ndikudzaza njira zolowera madzi za zingwe. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza zinthu zouma zapakati sizili ndi mafuta omatira, palibe zopukutira, zosungunulira kapena zotsukira zomwe zimafunika kuti chingwecho chikonzedwe, ndipo nthawi yolumikizira chingwe imachepa kwambiri. Kulemera kochepa kwa chingwe ndi kumamatira bwino pakati pa ulusi wolimbitsa wakunja ndi chivundikiro sikuchepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino.
2 Mmene madzi amakhudzira chingwe ndi njira yolimbana ndi madzi
Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe njira zosiyanasiyana zoletsera madzi ziyenera kuchitikira ndichakuti madzi olowa mu chingwecho amawola kukhala haidrojeni ndi O-2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.3.2.3.3.3.3.4 ...
Pamene ma resini opangidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka ngati zotetezera mu zingwe za fiber optic (choyamba mu zingwe), zinthu zotetezera izi sizimatetezedwanso ku kulowa kwa madzi. Kupangidwa kwa "mitengo yamadzi" mu zinthu zotetezera ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a transmission. Njira yomwe zinthu zotetezera zimakhudzidwira ndi mitengo yamadzi nthawi zambiri imafotokozedwa motere: chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi (lingaliro lina ndilakuti mphamvu zamakemikolo a resini zimasinthidwa ndi kutulutsa kofooka kwa ma elekitironi othamanga), mamolekyu amadzi amalowa kudzera mu kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa ma micro-pores omwe ali mu zinthu zophimba za chingwe cha fiber optic. Mamolekyu amadzi amalowa kudzera mu kuchuluka kosiyana kwa ma micro-pores mu zinthu zophimba chingwe, ndikupanga "mitengo yamadzi", pang'onopang'ono akusonkhanitsa madzi ambiri ndikufalikira mbali yayitali ya chingwe, ndikukhudza magwiridwe antchito a chingwe. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za kafukufuku ndi mayeso apadziko lonse lapansi, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, kuti apeze njira yochotsera njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira mitengo yamadzi, kutanthauza kuti, chingwe chisanatulutsidwe chomwe chimakulungidwa mu wosanjikiza wa kuyamwa kwa madzi ndi kukulitsa chotchinga chamadzi kuti chilepheretse ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa mitengo yamadzi, kutseka madzi mu chingwe mkati mwa kufalikira kwakutali; nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakunja ndi kulowa kwa madzi, chotchinga chamadzi chingathenso kutseka madzi mwachangu, osati kufalikira kwakutali kwa chingwe.
3 Chidule cha chotchinga madzi cha chingwe
3. 1 Kugawa zotchinga zamadzi za chingwe cha fiber optic
Pali njira zambiri zogawira zotchingira madzi za chingwe cha kuwala, zomwe zingagawidwe m'magulu malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, ubwino wake, ndi makulidwe ake. Kawirikawiri, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi kapangidwe kake: chotchingira madzi chokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, chotchingira madzi chokhala ndi mbali imodzi komanso chotchingira madzi chokhala ndi filimu yophatikizika. Ntchito yotchingira madzi ya chotchingira madzi makamaka imachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimayamwa madzi (zotchedwa chotchingira madzi), zomwe zimatha kutupa mofulumira chotchingira madzi chikakumana ndi madzi, ndikupanga gel yambiri (chotchingira madzi chimatha kuyamwa madzi ochulukirapo kuposa icho), motero chimaletsa kukula kwa mtengo wamadzi ndikuletsa kulowa ndi kufalikira kwa madzi. Izi zikuphatikizapo ma polysaccharides achilengedwe komanso osinthidwa ndi mankhwala.
Ngakhale kuti zinthu zoletsa madzi zachilengedwe kapena zachilengedwezi zili ndi makhalidwe abwino, zili ndi mavuto awiri oopsa:
1) amatha kuwola ndipo 2) amatha kuyaka kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zisagwiritsidwe ntchito mu zipangizo za fiber optic cable. Mtundu wina wa zinthu zopangidwa mu water resist umaimiridwa ndi ma polyacrylates, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati water resist pa zingwe za optical chifukwa amakwaniritsa zofunikira izi: 1) akauma, amatha kuthana ndi kupsinjika komwe kumachitika popanga zingwe za optical;
2) zikauma, zimatha kupirira momwe zingwe zowunikira zimagwirira ntchito (kutentha kwa kutentha kuyambira kutentha kwa chipinda mpaka 90 °C) popanda kukhudza moyo wa chingwe, komanso zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri kwa nthawi yochepa;
3) madzi akalowa, amatha kutupa mofulumira ndikupanga gel yokhala ndi kukula mwachangu.
4) imapanga jeli yokhuthala kwambiri, ngakhale kutentha kwambiri, kukhuthala kwa jeli kumakhala kokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kupanga mankhwala othamangitsa madzi kungagawidwe mosiyanasiyana m'njira zachikhalidwe zamakemikolo - njira yosinthira (njira yolumikizira madzi mu mafuta), njira yawoyawo yolumikizira polymerization - njira ya disk, njira yowunikira - njira ya "cobalt 60" γ-ray. Njira yolumikizira cross-linking imachokera ku njira ya "cobalt 60" γ-ray. Njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zili ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a polymerization ndi cross-linking ndipo motero zofunikira kwambiri za wothandizira woletsa madzi zomwe zimafunikira mu matepi oletsa madzi. Ndi ma polyacrylates ochepa okha omwe angakwaniritse zofunikira zinayi zomwe zili pamwambapa, malinga ndi zomwe zachitika, othandizira oletsa madzi (ma resins onyamula madzi) sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zopangira gawo limodzi la sodium polyacrylate yolumikizidwa, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yolumikizira cross-linking ya multi-polymer (monga gawo losiyanasiyana la sodium polyacrylate yolumikizidwa) kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha ma multiples othamanga komanso okwera madzi. Zofunikira zazikulu ndi izi: kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amayamwa kumatha kufika nthawi pafupifupi 400, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amayamwa kumatha kufika mphindi yoyamba kuti kuyamwa 75% ya madzi omwe amayamwa ndi madzi; kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amayamwa ndi kutentha komwe kumafunikira: kukana kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali kwa 90°C, kutentha kwakukulu kogwira ntchito kwa 160°C, kukana kutentha kwa nthawi yomweyo kwa 230°C (kofunikira kwambiri pa chingwe chamagetsi chokhala ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi); kuyamwa madzi pambuyo pakupanga zofunikira za kukhazikika kwa gel: pambuyo pa maulendo angapo otentha (20°C ~ 95°C) Kukhazikika kwa gel pambuyo pa kuyamwa madzi kumafuna: kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa gel ndi mphamvu ya gel pambuyo pa maulendo angapo otentha (20°C mpaka 95°C). Kukhazikika kwa gel kumasiyana kwambiri kutengera njira yopangira ndi zinthu zomwe wopanga amagwiritsa ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa kukula sikuli kofulumira, koma zinthu zina zimakhala bwino kutsata liwiro limodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera sikuthandiza kukhazikika kwa hydrogel, kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu yosungira madzi, koma sikukwaniritsa zotsatira za kukana madzi.
3. Makhalidwe atatu a tepi yotchingira madzi Monga chingwe chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, kuyesa, kunyamula, kusungira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolimbana ndi mayeso achilengedwe, motero poganizira kugwiritsa ntchito chingwe chowunikira, zofunikira za tepi yotchingira madzi ya chingwe ndi izi:
1) mawonekedwe a kugawa kwa ulusi, zipangizo zophatikizika popanda delamination ndi ufa, ndi mphamvu inayake yamakina, yoyenera zosowa za chingwe;
2) yunifolomu, yobwerezabwereza, yokhazikika, popanga chingwe sichidzachotsedwa ndipo sichidzapangidwa
3) kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa kukula, liwiro la kukula mwachangu, kukhazikika bwino kwa gel;
4) kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kutentha, koyenera kukonzedwa kosiyanasiyana kotsatira;
5) kukhazikika kwa mankhwala, kulibe zinthu zowononga, kukana mabakiteriya ndi kukokoloka kwa nkhungu;
6) kugwirizana bwino ndi zipangizo zina za chingwe chowunikira, kukana okosijeni, ndi zina zotero.
4 Miyezo ya magwiridwe antchito a chingwe cha kuwala
Zotsatira zambiri za kafukufuku zikusonyeza kuti kukana madzi kosakwanira kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa magwiridwe antchito a chingwe kudzabweretsa mavuto akulu. Kuwonongeka kumeneku, munjira yopangira ndi kuyang'ana kwa fakitale kwa chingwe cha ulusi wa kuwala n'kovuta kupeza, koma pang'onopang'ono kudzawonekera panthawi yoyika chingwecho mutagwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kupanga miyezo yoyesera yokwanira komanso yolondola, kuti mupeze maziko owunikira magulu onse, kwakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kafukufuku wambiri wa wolemba, kufufuza ndi kuyesa pa malamba oletsa madzi kwapereka maziko okwanira aukadaulo pakupanga miyezo yaukadaulo ya malamba oletsa madzi. Dziwani magawo a magwiridwe antchito a mtengo wotchinga madzi kutengera izi:
1) zofunikira za muyezo wa chingwe chowunikira pa malo oimikapo madzi (makamaka zofunikira za zipangizo za chingwe chowunikira mu muyezo wa chingwe chowunikira);
2) chidziwitso pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zotchinga madzi ndi malipoti oyenerera oyesera;
3) zotsatira za kafukufuku pa momwe makhalidwe a matepi oletsa madzi amakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a zingwe za ulusi wa kuwala.
4. 1 Mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a tepi yotchingira madzi ayenera kukhala ulusi wogawidwa mofanana; pamwamba pake payenera kukhala pathyathyathya komanso opanda makwinya, mikwingwirima ndi misozi; pasakhale kugawanika m'lifupi mwa tepi; zinthu zophatikizika ziyenera kukhala zopanda ming'alu; tepiyo iyenera kukulungidwa mwamphamvu ndipo m'mphepete mwa tepi yogwira m'manja muyenera kukhala opanda "mawonekedwe a chipewa cha udzu".
4.2 Mphamvu ya makina a malo otsetsereka madzi
Mphamvu yokoka ya chotchingira madzi imadalira njira yopangira tepi yosalukidwa ya polyester, pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana, njira ya viscose ndi yabwino kuposa njira yotenthetsera yopangira mphamvu yokoka ya chinthucho, makulidwe ake ndi ochepa. Mphamvu yokoka ya tepi yotchingira madzi imasiyana malinga ndi momwe chingwecho chimakulungidwira kapena kuzungulira chingwecho.
Ichi ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha malamba awiri oletsa madzi, omwe njira yoyesera iyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi chipangizo, madzi ndi njira yoyesera. Chinthu chachikulu choletsa madzi mu tepi yoletsa madzi ndi sodium polyacrylate yolumikizidwa pang'ono ndi zotumphukira zake, zomwe zimazindikira kapangidwe ndi mtundu wa zofunikira za khalidwe la madzi, kuti zigwirizane ndi kutalika kwa kutupa kwa tepi yoletsa madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi oyeretsedwa kuyenera kupitilira (madzi oyeretsedwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poweruza), chifukwa palibe gawo la anionic ndi cationic m'madzi oyeretsedwa, omwe kwenikweni ndi madzi oyera. Chowonjezera kuyamwa kwa utomoni woyamwa madzi m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madzi chimasiyana kwambiri, ngati chowonjezera kuyamwa m'madzi oyera ndi 100% ya mtengo wake wamba; m'madzi apampopi ndi 40% mpaka 60% (kutengera mtundu wa madzi pamalo aliwonse); m'madzi a m'nyanja ndi 12%; madzi apansi panthaka kapena m'ngalande ndi ovuta kwambiri, n'zovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa, ndipo mtengo wake udzakhala wotsika kwambiri. Kuti chingwe chikhale ndi mphamvu komanso moyo wautali wa chotchingira madzi, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito tepi yotchingira madzi yokhala ndi kutalika kotupa kwa > 10mm.
4.3 Katundu wamagetsi
Kawirikawiri, chingwe chowunikira sichili ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi kuchokera ku waya wachitsulo, choncho musagwiritse ntchito tepi yamadzi yotsutsana ndi semi-conducting, 33 Wang Qiang yokha, ndi zina zotero: tepi yolimbana ndi madzi ya chingwe chowunikira
Chingwe chamagetsi chophatikizika chisanakhale ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi, zofunikira zinazake malinga ndi kapangidwe ka chingwecho malinga ndi mgwirizano.
4.4 Kukhazikika kwa kutentha Mitundu yambiri ya matepi oletsa madzi imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kukhazikika kwa kutentha: kukana kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali kwa 90°C, kutentha kwakukulu kogwira ntchito kwa 160°C, kukana kutentha nthawi yomweyo kwa 230°C. Kagwiridwe ka tepi yoletsa madzi sikuyenera kusintha pambuyo pa nthawi inayake pa kutentha kumeneku.
Mphamvu ya gel iyenera kukhala chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri cha chinthu cholowa m'mimba, pomwe kuchuluka kwa kukula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kuchepetsa kutalika kwa kulowa kwa madzi koyambirira (osakwana mita imodzi). Chinthu chabwino chokulitsa chiyenera kukhala ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa kukula komanso kukhuthala kwakukulu. Chinthu chotchinga madzi chofooka, ngakhale chitakhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kukula komanso kukhuthala kochepa, chidzakhala ndi makhalidwe oipa a chotchinga madzi. Izi zitha kuyesedwa poyerekeza ndi ma frequency angapo otentha. Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya hydrolytic, gel idzasweka kukhala madzi otsika kukhuthala omwe adzawononga ubwino wake. Izi zimachitika posakaniza madzi oyera okhala ndi ufa wotupa kwa maola awiri. Kenako gel yomwe imachokerayo imalekanitsidwa ndi madzi ochulukirapo ndikuyikidwa mu viscometer yozungulira kuti iyese kukhuthala kwa madzi isanafike komanso itatha maola 24 pa 95°C. Kusiyana kwa kukhazikika kwa gel kumatha kuwoneka. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika mu ma frequency a maola 8 kuyambira 20°C mpaka 95°C ndi maola 8 kuyambira 95°C mpaka 20°C. Miyezo yoyenera ya ku Germany imafuna ma cycle 126 a maola 8.
4. 5 Kugwirizana Kugwirizana kwa chotchinga cha madzi ndi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi moyo wa chingwe cha fiber optic ndipo motero kuyenera kuganiziridwa poyerekeza ndi zipangizo za chingwe cha fiber optic zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka pano. Popeza kugwirizana kumatenga nthawi yayitali kuti kuwonekere, mayeso ofulumira okalamba ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo chitsanzo cha chingwecho chimapukutidwa bwino, kukulungidwa ndi tepi youma yolimbana ndi madzi ndikusungidwa m'chipinda chotentha nthawi zonse pa 100°C kwa masiku 10, pambuyo pake khalidwe lake limayesedwa. Mphamvu yokoka ndi kutalika kwa chinthucho sikuyenera kusintha ndi kupitirira 20% pambuyo pa mayesowo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-22-2022