Kusankha chingwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga magetsi ndi kukhazikitsa. Kusankha molakwika kungayambitse zoopsa zachitetezo (monga kutentha kwambiri kapena moto), kutsika kwambiri kwamagetsi, kuwonongeka kwa zida, kapena kutsika kwadongosolo. Pansipa pali zinthu zofunika kuziganizira posankha chingwe:
1. Zigawo Zamagetsi Zapakati
(1)Conductor Cross-Sectional Area:
Kuthekera Kwamakono: Ichi ndiye chofunikira kwambiri. Chingwecho chimayenera kunyamula kuchuluka kwachangu kosalekeza kwa dera popanda kupitilira kutentha kwake kovomerezeka. Onaninso matebulo ampacity pamiyezo yoyenera (monga IEC 60287, NEC, GB/T 16895.15).
Kutsika kwa Voltage: Kuthamanga kwamagetsi kudzera pa chingwe kumayambitsa kutsika kwamagetsi. Kutalika kwambiri kapena kusakwanira kodutsa kungayambitse kutsika kwamagetsi kumapeto kwa katundu, zomwe zimakhudza ntchito ya zida (makamaka kuyambira injini). Werengani kutsika kwa voliyumu yonse kuchokera kugwero lamagetsi kupita ku katundu, kuonetsetsa kuti ili mkati mwazovomerezeka (nthawi zambiri ≤3% pakuwunikira, ≤5% pamagetsi).
Kupirira Kwamphindi Yaifupi: Chingwecho chiyenera kupirira pazitali zazifupi zomwe zingatheke mu dongosolo popanda kuwonongeka kwa kutentha chisanayambe kugwira ntchito (chowonadi chokhazikika cha kutentha). Madera akuluakulu okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ali ndi mphamvu zopirira.
(2) Mphamvu yamagetsi:
Mphamvu yamagetsi ya chingwe (mwachitsanzo, 0.6/1kV, 8.7/15kV) sayenera kukhala yotsika kuposa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi (monga, 380V, 10kV) ndi voteji yomwe ingatheke kwambiri. Ganizirani kusinthasintha kwamagetsi pamakina ndi mikhalidwe ya overvoltage.
(3) Zida Zoyendetsa:
Copper: High conductivity (~ 58 MS/m), kunyamula mphamvu pakali pano, mphamvu zamakina zabwino, kukana kwa dzimbiri, zosavuta kulumikiza mafupa, mtengo wapamwamba. Zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Aluminiyamu: Lower conductivity (~ 35 MS / m), amafuna lalikulu mtanda gawo kukwaniritsa ampacity chomwecho, kulemera opepuka, mtengo wotsika, koma otsika mphamvu mawotchi, sachedwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, amafuna zida zapadera ndi antioxidant pawiri kwa mafupa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamizere yayikulu yam'mwamba kapena ntchito zina.
2. Kuyika Chilengedwe & Mikhalidwe
(1) Njira Yoyikira:
Mu Mpweya: Mathreyi a chingwe, makwerero, ngalande, ngalande, pamwamba okwera pamakoma, ndi zina zotero. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kumakhudza mphamvu (kuchepetsa kumafunika pakuyika wandiweyani).
Pansi pa nthaka: Kukwiriridwa mwachindunji kapena kudulidwa. Ganizirani mphamvu ya kutentha kwa nthaka, kuya kwa maliro, kuyandikana ndi malo ena otentha (mwachitsanzo, mapaipi a nthunzi). Chinyezi cha dothi ndi corrosiveness zimakhudza kusankha sheath.
Pansi pamadzi: Pamafunika zida zapadera zosalowa madzi (mwachitsanzo, sheath yotsogolera, wosanjikiza wotsekereza madzi) komanso chitetezo chamakina.
Kuyika Kwapadera: Mayendedwe oyima (ganizirani kulemera kwake), ngalande za chingwe / tunnel, ndi zina.
(2) Kutentha kozungulira:
Kutentha kozungulira kumakhudza mwachindunji kutentha kwa chingwe. Ma tebulo okhazikika amatengera kutentha (monga 30 ° C mumpweya, 20 ° C m'nthaka). Ngati kutentha kwenikweni kumaposa zomwe zatchulidwa, ampacity iyenera kukonzedwa (kuchepetsedwa). Samalani kwambiri m'malo otentha kwambiri (monga zipinda zowotchera, nyengo zotentha).
(3)Kufupi ndi Zingwe Zina:
Kuyika zingwe zowirira kumayambitsa kutentha ndi kukwera. Zingwe zingapo zomwe zimayikidwa mofananira (makamaka popanda katayanidwe kapena munjira yomweyo) ziyenera kuchepetsedwa potengera nambala, makonzedwe (okhudza / osakhudza).
(4) Kupsinjika Kwamakina:
Tensile Katundu: Pamayimidwe oyima kapena mtunda wautali wokoka, lingalirani kulemera kwa chingwe ndi kukoka kukakamira; sankhani zingwe zolimba zolimba (mwachitsanzo, waya wachitsulo wokhala ndi zida).
Kupsyinjika / Zokhudzidwa: Zingwe zokwiriridwa mwachindunji ziyenera kupirira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamtunda ndi zoopsa zakukumba; zingwe zokwera thireyi zitha kupanikizidwa. Zida zankhondo (tepi yachitsulo, waya wachitsulo) zimapereka chitetezo champhamvu pamakina.
Utali Wopindika: Pakuyika ndi kutembenuka, utali wopindika wa chingwe usakhale wocheperako kuposa wovomerezeka, kupewa kuwononga kutsekereza ndi sheath.
(5)Zowopsa Zachilengedwe:
Chemical Corrosion: Zomera za Chemical, zomera zamadzi onyansa, madera a chifunga cha mchere wam'mphepete mwa nyanja amafunikira ma sheaths osachita dzimbiri (mwachitsanzo, PVC, LSZH, PE) ndi/kapena zigawo zakunja. Zida zopanda zitsulo (mwachitsanzo, ulusi wagalasi) zingafunike.
Kuipitsidwa kwa Mafuta: Malo osungira mafuta, malo opangira makina amafunikira ma sheath osamva mafuta (mwachitsanzo, PVC yapadera, CPE, CSP).
Kuwonekera kwa UV: Zingwe zowonekera panja zimafuna ma sheath osamva UV (mwachitsanzo, PE yakuda, PVC yapadera).
Makoswe/Chiswale: Madera ena amafuna zingwe zoteteza makoswe/chiswe (zotchingira zothamangitsa, ma jekete olimba, zida zachitsulo).
Chinyezi/Kumira: Malo achinyezi kapena pansi pamadzi amafunikira zinthu zabwino zotsekereza chinyezi/zotsekereza madzi (monga, kutsekereza madzi ozungulira, sheath yachitsulo).
Zophulika Zophulika: Ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe sizingaphulike m'malo oopsa (monga zoletsa moto, LSZH, zingwe zotsekereza).
3. Kapangidwe ka Chingwe & Kusankha Zinthu
(1)Zida za Insulation:
Polyethylene yolumikizidwa (XLPE): Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa kutentha kwapamwamba (90 ° C), kuthamanga kwapamwamba, katundu wabwino wa dielectric, kukana mankhwala, mphamvu zamakina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazingwe zamagetsi zapakati/otsika. Chosankha choyamba.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Mtengo wotsika, ndondomeko yokhwima, kuchedwa kwa malawi abwino, kutentha kwapansi (70 ° C), kuphulika ndi kutentha kochepa, kumatulutsa mpweya wa halogen wapoizoni ndi utsi wandiweyani ukayaka. Zogwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri koma zoletsedwa kwambiri.
Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR): Kusinthasintha kwabwino, nyengo, ozoni, kukana kwa mankhwala, kutentha kwakukulu (90 ° C), komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zam'manja, zam'madzi, zingwe zamigodi. Mtengo wapamwamba.
Zina: mphira wa silicone (> 180 ° C), mineral insulated (MI - copper conductor ndi magnesium oxide insulation, ntchito yabwino kwambiri yamoto) kuti agwiritse ntchito mwapadera.
(2) Zipangizo za m'chimake:
PVC: Chitetezo chamakina chabwino, choletsa moto, chotsika mtengo, chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Muli halogen, utsi wapoizoni ukayaka.
PE: Chinyezi chabwino kwambiri komanso kukana kwamankhwala, kofala pamakina akunja okwiriridwa mwachindunji. Kuchedwa kupsa kwa moto.
Utsi Wotsika Zero Halogen (LSZH / LS0H / LSF): Utsi wochepa, wopanda poizoni (wopanda mpweya wa asidi wa halogen), kufalikira kwamphamvu kwambiri pakuyaka. Zovomerezeka m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri (njanji zapansi panthaka, malo ogulitsira, zipatala, nyumba zazitali).
Polyolefin yoletsa moto wamoto: Imakwaniritsa zofunikira zoletsa moto.
Kusankha kuyenera kuganizira kukana kwachilengedwe (mafuta, nyengo, UV) ndi zofunikira zoteteza makina.
(3) Zigawo Zoteteza:
Conductor Shield: Chofunikira pazingwe za sing'anga/mkulu wamagetsi (> 3.6/6kV), zimafanana ndi gawo lamagetsi la conductor pamwamba.
Insulation Shield: Yofunikira pazingwe zapakati/zapamwamba kwambiri, imagwira ntchito ndi chishango cha conductor kuti chiwongolere gawo lonse.
Metallic Shield / Armour: Imapereka EMC (anti-interference / imachepetsa mpweya) ndi / kapena njira yachidule (iyenera kukhala pansi) ndi chitetezo cha makina. Mitundu yodziwika bwino: tepi yamkuwa, chingwe chamkuwa (chitchinjirizo + chozungulira njira), zida za tepi yachitsulo (chitetezo cha makina), zida zachitsulo zachitsulo (chitetezo chamakina +), sheath ya aluminiyamu (chitchinjirizo + chotchinga madzi ozungulira + chitetezo chamakina).
(4) Mitundu ya zida:
Steel Wire Armored (SWA): Chitetezo chabwino kwambiri komanso chosasunthika, pakuyika maliro achindunji kapena zofunikira zoteteza makina.
Galvanized Wire Armored (GWA): Mphamvu yolimba kwambiri, yothamanga molunjika, mipata yayikulu, kuyika pansi pamadzi.
Zida Zopanda zitsulo: Tepi ya fiber yagalasi, imapereka mphamvu zamakina pomwe ilibe maginito, yopepuka, yosachita dzimbiri, pazifukwa zapadera.
4. Zofunikira za Chitetezo & Zowongolera
(1)Kuchedwa kwa Moto:
Sankhani zingwe zomwe zikugwirizana ndi miyezo yoletsa moto (mwachitsanzo, IEC 60332-1/3 ya kuchedwa kwamoto kamodzi/kamodzi, BS 6387 CWZ ya kukana moto, GB/T 19666) kutengera kuopsa kwa moto ndi zosowa zakuthawa. Malo opezeka anthu ambiri komanso othawirako akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe za LSZH zoletsa moto.
(2)Kukana Moto:
Kwa mabwalo ovuta omwe amayenera kukhalabe ndi mphamvu panthawi yamoto (mapampu oyaka moto, mafani a utsi, kuyatsa kwadzidzidzi, ma alarm), gwiritsani ntchito zingwe zosagwira moto (mwachitsanzo, zingwe za MI, zojambulidwa ndi mica-taped organic insulated structures) zoyesedwa ku miyezo (mwachitsanzo, BS 6387, IEC 60331, GB/T 19216).
(3)Utsi Wopanda Halogen & Wochepa:
Zovomerezeka m'madera omwe ali ndi chitetezo chapamwamba ndi zofunikira zotetezera zipangizo (mabwalo apaulendo, malo opangira deta, zipatala, nyumba zazikulu za anthu).
(4) Kutsata Miyezo & Chitsimikizo:
Zingwe ziyenera kutsata miyezo ndi ziphaso zovomerezeka pamalo a polojekiti (mwachitsanzo, CCC ku China, CE ku EU, BS ku UK, UL ku US).
5. Economics & Life Cycle Cost
Mtengo Woyambira: Chingwe ndi zowonjezera (zolumikizana, zomaliza) mtengo.
Mtengo Woyika: Zimasiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwa chingwe, kulemera kwake, kusinthasintha, komanso kuyika mosavuta.
Mtengo Wotayika: Kukana kwa kondakitala kumayambitsa kutayika kwa I²R. Makondakitala akuluakulu amawononga ndalama zambiri poyamba koma amachepetsa kutayika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mtengo Wokonza: Zingwe zodalirika, zolimba zimakhala ndi ndalama zochepa zokonza.
Moyo Wautumiki: Zingwe zapamwamba kwambiri m'malo oyenera zimatha zaka 30+. Unikani mozama kuti mupewe kusankha zingwe zotsika kapena zosawoneka bwino potengera mtengo woyambira.
6. Mfundo Zina
Sequence & Marking: Pazingwe zapakati-pakatikati kapena makhazikitsidwe olekanitsidwa ndi gawo, onetsetsani kutsatizana kolondola kwa gawo ndi zolemba zamitundu (pamiyezo yakomweko).
Earthing & Equipotential Bonding: Zishango zachitsulo ndi zida zankhondo ziyenera kukhala zadothi modalirika (nthawi zambiri pamapeto onse awiri) kuti zitetezeke komanso zitetezedwe.
Malo Osungirako: Ganizirani za kukula kwa katundu m'tsogolo kapena kusintha kwa njira, onjezani magawo odutsa kapena kusunga mabwalo opuma ngati pakufunika.
Kugwirizana: Zida zama chingwe (malugi, zolumikizira, zotsekera) ziyenera kufanana ndi mtundu wa chingwe, magetsi, ndi kukula kwa kondakitala.
Kuyenerera Kwa Ogulitsa & Ubwino: Sankhani opanga odziwika omwe ali ndi khalidwe lokhazikika.
Kuti mugwire bwino ntchito komanso kudalirika, kusankha chingwe choyenera kumayendera limodzi ndi kusankha zida zapamwamba. Ku ONE DZIKO LAPANSI, timapereka mitundu yambiri yamawaya ndi zingwe zopangira - kuphatikiza zopangira zotchingira, zida zowotchera, matepi, zodzaza ndi ulusi - zopangidwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana, kumathandizira kupanga ndi kuyika bwino kwa chingwe.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-15-2025