Kusankha chingwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kukhazikitsa magetsi. Kusankha molakwika kungayambitse ngozi (monga kutentha kwambiri kapena moto), kutsika kwa magetsi ambiri, kuwonongeka kwa zida, kapena kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa makina. Nazi mfundo zazikulu zomwe muyenera kuganizira posankha chingwe:
1. Magawo Amagetsi Apakati
(1) Malo Odutsa Magawo a Kondakitala:
Kutha Kunyamula Mphamvu: Iyi ndiye gawo lofunika kwambiri. Chingwecho chiyenera kukhala chokhoza kunyamula mphamvu yogwira ntchito yopitilira muyeso popanda kupitirira kutentha kovomerezeka. Onani matebulo a kukula kwa magetsi m'miyezo yoyenera (monga IEC 60287, NEC, GB/T 16895.15).
Kutsika kwa Volti: Mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu chingwe imayambitsa kutsika kwa voltage. Kutalika kwambiri kapena kusakwanira kwa gawo lodutsa kungayambitse kutsika kwa voltage kumapeto kwa katundu, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zida zimagwirira ntchito (makamaka kuyatsa kwa mota). Werengani kutsika konse kwa voltage kuchokera ku gwero lamagetsi kupita ku katundu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ili mkati mwa mulingo wovomerezeka (nthawi zambiri ≤3% pakuwunikira, ≤5% pakulamulira).
Kutha Kupirira ndi Mzere Waufupi: Chingwecho chiyenera kupirira mphamvu yamagetsi yochepa kwambiri yomwe ingatheke mu dongosolo popanda kuwonongeka kwa kutentha chipangizo choteteza chisanayambe kugwira ntchito (kuyang'ana kukhazikika kwa kutentha). Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri.
(2) Voltage Yoyesedwa:
Voliyumu yovomerezeka ya chingwe (monga 0.6/1kV, 8.7/15kV) siyenera kukhala yotsika kuposa voliyumu yodziwika ya chipangizocho (monga 380V, 10kV) ndi voliyumu iliyonse yogwira ntchito. Ganizirani kusinthasintha kwa voliyumu ya chipangizocho ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi voliyumu yochulukirapo.
(3) Zipangizo za Kondakitala:
Mkuwa: Mphamvu yoyendetsa bwino magetsi (~58 MS/m), mphamvu yonyamula mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu, mphamvu yabwino yamakina, kukana dzimbiri bwino, malo olumikizirana osavuta kugwira, komanso mtengo wake ndi wokwera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Aluminiyamu: Kutsika kwa mphamvu yoyendetsera magetsi (~35 MS/m2), imafuna gawo lalikulu kuti ikwaniritse kukula komweko, kulemera kopepuka, mtengo wotsika, koma mphamvu yochepa yamakina, yomwe imakonda kusungunuka, imafuna zida zapadera ndi mankhwala ophera antioxidant pazilumikizo. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamizere yayikulu yodutsa pamwamba kapena ntchito zinazake.
2. Malo Okhazikitsa ndi Mikhalidwe
(1) Njira Yokhazikitsira:
Mu Mpweya: Mathireyi a chingwe, makwerero, ma ducts, ma payrounzi, malo omangidwira m'makoma, ndi zina zotero. Mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yotaya kutentha imakhudza kukula kwa magetsi (kuchepa kwa kutentha kumafunika pakupanga zinthu zokhuthala).
Pansi pa nthaka: Yobisika mwachindunji kapena yolumikizidwa ndi mapayipi. Ganizirani momwe nthaka imatetezera kutentha, kuya kwa manda, kuyandikira kwa magwero ena otentha (monga mapaipi a nthunzi). Chinyezi cha nthaka ndi kuwonongeka kwake zimakhudza kusankha chidebecho.
Pansi pa madzi: Imafuna nyumba zapadera zosalowa madzi (monga chidebe cha lead, gawo lolumikizira madzi) komanso chitetezo chamakina.
Kukhazikitsa Kwapadera: Kuyendetsa molunjika (ganizirani kulemera kwanu), ngalande/matanthwe a chingwe, ndi zina zotero.
(2) Kutentha kwa Malo Ozungulira:
Kutentha kwa malo ozungulira kumakhudza mwachindunji kutayika kwa kutentha kwa chingwe. Matebulo okhazikika a kukula kwa chingwe amachokera ku kutentha koyerekeza (monga 30°C mumlengalenga, 20°C munthaka). Ngati kutentha kwenikweni kupitirira komwe kuyerekezeredwa, kukula kwa chingwe kuyenera kukonzedwa (kuchepetsedwa). Samalani kwambiri m'malo otentha kwambiri (monga zipinda zophikira, nyengo yotentha).
(3) Kuyandikira kwa Zingwe Zina:
Kuyika zingwe zolimba kumapangitsa kutentha ndi kukwera kwa kutentha. Zingwe zingapo zomwe zimayikidwa motsatizana (makamaka popanda malo kapena mu ngalande imodzi) ziyenera kuchotsedwa kutengera kuchuluka, kapangidwe (kokhudza / kosakhudza).
(4) Kupsinjika kwa Makina:
Kunyamula Makokedwe: Pakuyika koyima kapena mtunda wautali wokoka, ganizirani za kulemera kwa chingwe ndi kukoka mphamvu; sankhani zingwe zokhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zokoka (monga waya wachitsulo).
Kupanikizika/Kukhudzidwa: Zingwe zobisika mwachindunji ziyenera kupirira katundu wodutsa pamwamba ndi zoopsa zokumba; zingwe zomangiriridwa mu thireyi zitha kupsinjika. Zida zotetezera (tepi yachitsulo, waya wachitsulo) zimapereka chitetezo champhamvu cha makina.
Ma Radius Opindika: Pakuyika ndi kutembenuza, radius yopindika ya chingwe siyenera kukhala yocheperako kuposa yovomerezeka, kuti isawononge insulation ndi sheath.
(5) Zoopsa Zachilengedwe:
Kuzimiririka kwa Mankhwala: Malo opangira mankhwala, malo opangira madzi otayira, malo okhala ndi chifunga cha mchere m'mphepete mwa nyanja amafunika zipolopolo zosagwira dzimbiri (monga PVC, LSZH, PE) ndi/kapena zigawo zakunja. Zida zoteteza osati zitsulo (monga ulusi wagalasi) zingafunike.
Kuipitsidwa ndi Mafuta: Malo osungira mafuta, malo ochitira makina amafunika zipolopolo zosagwira mafuta (monga PVC yapadera, CPE, CSP).
Kuwonekera pa UV: Zingwe zowonekera panja zimafuna zikopa zosagonjetsedwa ndi UV (monga PE yakuda, PVC yapadera).
Makoswe/Chiswe: Madera ena amafuna zingwe zosagwira makoswe/chiswe (zophimba ndi zothamangitsa, majekete olimba, ndi zitsulo).
Chinyezi/Kumizidwa: Malo okhala ndi chinyezi kapena omira m'madzi amafuna zinthu zabwino zotchingira chinyezi/madzi (monga chotchingira madzi chozungulira, chotchingira chitsulo).
Mlengalenga Yophulika: Iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe sizingaphulike m'malo oopsa (monga, zoletsa moto, LSZH, zingwe zoteteza mchere).
3. Kapangidwe ka Chingwe & Kusankha Zinthu
(1) Zipangizo Zotetezera Kutentha:
Polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi mtanda (XLPE): Kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kutentha kwambiri (90°C), kukula kwakukulu, mphamvu zabwino za dielectric, kukana mankhwala, mphamvu zabwino zamakanika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa zingwe zamagetsi zapakati/zotsika. Sankhani choyamba.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Yotsika mtengo, yokhwima, yochedwa kuyaka moto, yotsika kutentha (70°C), yofooka kutentha pang'ono, imatulutsa mpweya woopsa wa halogen ndi utsi wambiri ikayaka. Imagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri koma imakhala yocheperako.
Mphira wa Ethylene Propylene (EPR): Wosinthasintha bwino, nyengo, ozoni, wokana mankhwala, kutentha kwambiri (90°C), wogwiritsidwa ntchito pa zipangizo zoyendera, zam'madzi, zingwe za migodi. Mtengo wake ndi wokwera.
Zina: Rabala ya silikoni (>180°C), yotetezedwa ndi mchere (MI - conductor wamkuwa wokhala ndi magnesium oxide insulation, magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri a moto) kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mwapadera.
(2) Zipangizo za m'chimake:
PVC: Chitetezo chabwino cha makina, choletsa moto, chotsika mtengo, chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chili ndi halogen, utsi woopsa ukayaka.
PE: Kukana chinyezi ndi mankhwala bwino kwambiri, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa zikopa zakunja za chingwe zomwe zimabisika mwachindunji. Kulephera kuletsa moto.
Halogen Yopanda Utsi Wochepa (LSZH / LS0H / LSF): Utsi wochepa, wopanda poizoni (wopanda mpweya wa halogen acid), kuwala kowala kwambiri kukayaka. Zofunikira m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri (sitima yapansi panthaka, malo ogulitsira zinthu zambiri, zipatala, nyumba zazitali).
Polyolefin yoletsa moto: Imakwaniritsa zofunikira zinazake zoletsa moto.
Kusankha kuyenera kuganizira kukana chilengedwe (mafuta, nyengo, UV) ndi zofunikira zotetezera makina.
(3) Zigawo Zoteteza:
Chishango cha Kondakitala: Chofunikira pa zingwe zapakati/zokwera kwambiri (>3.6/6kV), chimafanana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pamwamba pa kondakitala.
Chishango Choteteza Kutenthetsa: Chofunikira pa zingwe zamagetsi apakati/apamwamba, chimagwira ntchito ndi chishango cha kondakitala kuti chizilamulira bwino malo.
Chishango/Zida Zachitsulo: Chimapereka EMC (yoletsa kusokoneza/kuchepetsa mpweya woipa) ndi/kapena njira yofupikitsa mpweya (yoyenera kuchotsedwa) ndi chitetezo cha makina. Mitundu yodziwika bwino: tepi yamkuwa, waya wamkuwa woluka (chotchinga + njira yofupikitsa mpweya), chitetezo cha tepi yachitsulo (chotchinga cha makina), chitetezo cha waya wamkuwa (chokoka + chitetezo cha makina), chivundikiro cha aluminiyamu (chotchinga + chotchinga madzi chozungulira + chitetezo cha makina).
(4) Mitundu ya Zida:
Waya Wachitsulo Wotetezedwa ndi Zida (SWA): Chitetezo chabwino kwambiri chomangirira komanso chomangirira, kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito poika maliro mwachindunji kapena kuteteza makina.
Waya Wopangidwa ndi Galvanized Armoured (GWA): Mphamvu yolimba kwambiri, yothamangitsidwa moyimirira, malo akuluakulu, komanso yokhazikika pansi pa madzi.
Zida Zopanda Chitsulo: Tepi yagalasi ya fiber, imapereka mphamvu ya makina pomwe siigwiritsa ntchito maginito, yopepuka, komanso yolimba, pa zosowa zapadera.
4. Zofunikira pa Chitetezo ndi Malamulo
(1) Kuchedwa kwa Moto:
Sankhani zingwe zomwe zikukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenera yoletsa moto (monga IEC 60332-1/3 yoletsa moto umodzi/mipando, BS 6387 CWZ yoletsa moto, GB/T 19666) kutengera chiopsezo cha moto ndi zosowa zotuluka. Malo opezeka anthu ambiri komanso ovuta kuthawa ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zoletsa moto za LSZH.
(2) Kukana Moto:
Pa ma circuit ofunikira omwe ayenera kukhalabe ndi mphamvu panthawi ya moto (mapampu amoto, mafani a utsi, magetsi adzidzidzi, ma alamu), gwiritsani ntchito zingwe zosagwira moto (monga zingwe za MI, nyumba zotetezedwa ndi mica) zoyesedwa molingana ndi miyezo (monga, BS 6387, IEC 60331, GB/T 19216).
(3) Yopanda Halogen ndi Utsi Wochepa:
Zofunikira m'malo omwe ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira komanso zofunikira pazida (malo osungira mayendedwe, malo osungira deta, zipatala, nyumba zazikulu za anthu onse).
(4) Kutsatira Miyezo ndi Chitsimikizo:
Zingwe ziyenera kutsatira miyezo ndi ziphaso zofunikira pamalo a polojekiti (monga CCC ku China, CE ku EU, BS ku UK, UL ku US).
5. Zachuma & Mtengo wa Moyo
Mtengo Woyamba Wogulira: Mtengo wa chingwe ndi zowonjezera (zolumikizira, zomaliza).
Mtengo Woyika: Zimasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwa chingwe, kulemera, kusinthasintha, komanso kusavuta kuyiyika.
Mtengo Wotayika pa Ntchito: Kukana kwa kondakitala kumayambitsa kutayika kwa I²R. Makondakitala akuluakulu amawononga ndalama zambiri poyamba koma amachepetsa kutayika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mtengo Wokonzera: Zingwe zodalirika komanso zolimba zimakhala ndi ndalama zochepa zokonzera.
Moyo Wogwira Ntchito: Zingwe zabwino kwambiri m'malo oyenera zimatha kukhala zaka zoposa 30. Yesani bwino kuti mupewe kusankha zingwe zotsika mtengo kapena zotsika mtengo potengera mtengo woyambira.
6. Zina Zoganizira
Kutsatana kwa Magawo ndi Kulemba: Pa zingwe zamitundu yambiri kapena zoyika zolekanitsidwa ndi magawo, onetsetsani kuti magawo ndi mizere yolondola komanso mitundu ya zinthu zaikidwa (malinga ndi miyezo yakomweko).
Kulumikiza ndi Kuyika Zinthu: Zishango ndi zida zachitsulo ziyenera kupakidwa bwino (nthawi zambiri mbali zonse ziwiri) kuti chitetezo chikhale chotetezeka komanso chotetezeka.
Malire Osungira: Ganizirani kukula kwa katundu kapena kusintha kwa njira mtsogolo, onjezerani magawo ozungulira kapena sungani ma circuits owonjezera ngati pakufunika kutero.
Kugwirizana: Zowonjezera za chingwe (ma lugs, ma connection, ma finishes) ziyenera kugwirizana ndi mtundu wa chingwe, voltage, ndi kukula kwa kondakitala.
Kuyenerera ndi Ubwino wa Wopereka: Sankhani opanga odalirika omwe ali ndi khalidwe lokhazikika.
Kuti zigwire bwino ntchito komanso kudalirika, kusankha chingwe choyenera kumayenderana ndi kusankha zipangizo zapamwamba. Ku ONE WORLD, timapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira waya ndi chingwe - kuphatikizapo zinthu zotetezera kutentha, zinthu zophimba, matepi, zodzaza, ndi ulusi - zopangidwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa chingwe mosamala komanso moyenera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-15-2025