Chidule: Mfundo yolumikizirana, kugawa, kupanga, njira ndi zida za zinthu zotetezera kutentha za silane zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi waya ndi chingwe zafotokozedwa mwachidule, ndipo makhalidwe ena a zinthu zotetezera kutentha za silane zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa mwachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zinthu zomwe zimakhudza momwe zinthuzo zimalumikizirana zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Mawu Ofunika: Kulumikiza kwa Silane; Kulumikiza kwachilengedwe; Polyethylene; Kuteteza; Waya ndi chingwe
Zipangizo za chingwe cha polyethylene cholumikizidwa ndi silane tsopano zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga mawaya ndi mawaya ngati zinthu zotetezera mawaya ndi mawaya amphamvu otsika mphamvu. Zipangizo zopangira mawaya ndi mawaya olumikizidwa ndi peroxide, komanso peroxide cross-linking ndi radiation cross-linking poyerekeza ndi zida zopangira zomwe zimafunikira ndizosavuta, zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, mtengo wotsika komanso zabwino zina, zakhala zinthu zotsogola pa chingwe cholumikizidwa ndi mawaya otsika mphamvu chokhala ndi insulation.
1. Mfundo yolumikizira chingwe cha Silane
Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi silane: kulumikiza ndi kulumikiza. Mu njira yolumikizira, polima imataya atomu yake ya H pa atomu ya carbon yachitatu pansi pa mphamvu ya free initiator ndi pyrolysis kukhala ma free radicals, omwe amachita ndi gulu la – CH = CH2 la vinyl silane kuti apange polima yolumikizidwa yokhala ndi gulu la trioxysilyl ester. Mu njira yolumikizira, polima yolumikizira imayikidwa poyamba ndi hydrolyzed pamaso pa madzi kuti ipange silanol, ndipo – OH imalumikizana ndi gulu la Si-OH lomwe lili pafupi kuti lipange bond ya Si-O-Si, motero imalumikiza ma macromolecule a polima.
2. Zida za chingwe zolumikizidwa ndi Silane ndi njira yake yopangira chingwe
Monga mukudziwira, pali njira ziwiri ndi imodzi zopangira zingwe zolumikizidwa ndi silane ndi zingwe zawo. Kusiyana pakati pa njira ziwiri ndi njira imodzi kuli pamene njira yolumikizira silane imachitika, njira yolumikizira ku wopanga zida za chingwe cha njira ziwiri, njira yolumikizira ku fakitale yopanga zingwe ya njira imodzi. Zipangizo ziwiri zolumikizira silane zolumikizidwa ndi polyethylene zomwe zili ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zotchedwa A ndi B, pomwe A ndi polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi silane ndi B ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala catalyst master batch. Pakati pake polumikizira imalumikizidwa m'madzi ofunda kapena nthunzi.
Pali mtundu wina wa silane cross-linked polyethylene insulator yokhala ndi magawo awiri, komwe zinthu za A zimapangidwa mwanjira yosiyana, poika vinyl silane mwachindunji mu polyethylene panthawi yopanga kuti apange polyethylene yokhala ndi unyolo wa nthambi za silane.
Njira imodzi ilinso ndi mitundu iwiri, njira yachikhalidwe imodzi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira malinga ndi njira yowerengera njira yapadera yoyezera molondola, kukhala chotulutsira chapadera chopangidwa mwapadera mu sitepe imodzi kuti amalize kulumikiza ndi kutulutsa pakati pa chingwe chotenthetsera, munjira iyi, palibe granulation, palibe chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo pa chomera cha chingwe, ndi fakitale ya chingwe kuti amalize yokha. Zipangizo zopangira chingwe cholumikizidwa ndi silane imodzi zimatumizidwa kuchokera kunja ndipo ndizokwera mtengo.
Mtundu wina wa zinthu zotetezera kutentha za polyethylene zolumikizidwa ndi silane imodzi umapangidwa ndi opanga zinthu za chingwe, ndipo zonsezi ndi zopangira malinga ndi njira yapadera yosakanikirana, kulongedza ndi kugulitsidwa, palibe zinthu za A ndi B, chomera cha chingwe chikhoza kukhala mwachindunji mu extruder kuti chimalize sitepe imodzi nthawi imodzi kulongedza ndi kutulutsa pakati pa chingwe. Mbali yapadera ya njira iyi ndikuti palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera zodula, chifukwa njira yolumikizira silane imatha kumalizidwa mu extruder wamba wa PVC, ndipo njira ya magawo awiri imachotsa kufunika kosakaniza zinthu za A ndi B musanatulutse.
3. Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake
Kapangidwe ka chingwe cha polyethylene cholumikizidwa ndi silane nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi utomoni, choyambitsa, silane, antioxidant, choletsa polymerization, chothandizira, ndi zina zotero.
(1) Utomoni woyambira nthawi zambiri umakhala utomoni wochepa wa polyethylene (LDPE) wokhala ndi chiŵerengero chosungunuka (MI) cha 2, koma posachedwapa, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa utomoni wopangidwa ndi kupsinjika kwa mtengo, utomoni wochepa wa polyethylene (LLDPE) wagwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono ngati utomoni woyambira wa chinthuchi. Utomoni wosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri umakhudza kwambiri kulumikiza ndi kulumikiza chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kapangidwe kake ka macromolecular, kotero kapangidwe kake kadzasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito utomoni wosiyana wa maziko kapena mtundu womwewo wa utomoni wochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana.
(2) Choyambitsa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi diisopropyl peroxide (DCP), chofunikira kwambiri ndikudziwa kuchuluka kwa vutoli, zochepa kwambiri zomwe zingayambitse kulumikizidwa kwa silane sizokwanira; zambiri zomwe zingayambitse polyethylene cross-linking, zomwe zimachepetsa kusinthasintha kwake, pamwamba pa core yotenthetsera yotulutsidwa ndi yolimba, yovuta kufinya dongosolo. Popeza kuchuluka kwa choyambitsa chomwe chawonjezeredwa ndi kochepa kwambiri komanso kofewa, ndikofunikira kufalitsa mofanana, kotero nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeredwa pamodzi ndi silane.
(3) Silane nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati vinyl unsaturated silane, kuphatikiza vinyl trimethoxysilane (A2171) ndi vinyl triethoxysilane (A2151), chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa hydrolysis kwa A2171, choncho sankhani anthu ambiri a A2171. Mofananamo, pali vuto lowonjezera silane, opanga zida za chingwe akuyesera kukwaniritsa malire ake otsika kuti achepetse ndalama, chifukwa silane imatumizidwa kunja, mtengo wake ndi wokwera mtengo.
(4) Anti-oxidant ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ya polyethylene processing ndi yolimba komanso yoletsa ukalamba, komanso yowonjezera anti-oxidant mu njira yolumikizira silane ili ndi udindo woletsa njira yolumikizira, kotero njira yolumikizira, kuwonjezera anti-oxidant kusamala, kuchuluka komwe kwawonjezeredwa kuti kuganizire kuchuluka kwa DCP kuti kugwirizane ndi kusankha. Mu njira yolumikizira magawo awiri, antioxidant yambiri imatha kuwonjezeredwa mu catalyst master batch, zomwe zingachepetse mphamvu ya njira yolumikizira. Mu njira yolumikizira magawo amodzi, antioxidant ilipo mu njira yonse yolumikizira, kotero kusankha mitundu ndi kuchuluka ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ma antioxidants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi 1010, 168, 330, ndi zina zotero.
(5) Choletsa polymerization chimawonjezedwa kuti chilepheretse kulumikiza ndi njira yolumikizirana yomwe imachitika, mu njira yolumikizirana kuti muwonjezere choletsa crosslinking, chingathandize kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa C2C crosslinking, motero kupititsa patsogolo kusinthasintha kwa processing, kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera kwa graft mumikhalidwe yomweyi kudzayambitsidwa ndi hydrolysis ya silane pa choletsa polymerization kungachepetse hydrolysis ya polyethylene yolumikizidwa, kuti kukhale kokhazikika kwanthawi yayitali kwa zinthu zolumikizira.
(6) Ma Catalyst nthawi zambiri amakhala ma organotin derivatives (kupatulapo natural crosslinking), omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi dibutyltin dilaurate (DBDTL), omwe nthawi zambiri amawonjezedwa mu mawonekedwe a masterbatch. Mu njira ya magawo awiri, graft (A material) ndi catalyst master batch (B material) zimapakidwa padera ndipo zinthu za A ndi B zimasakanizidwa pamodzi zisanawonjezedwe ku extruder kuti zipewe kusakanikirana kwa zinthu za A. Pankhani ya insulation ya polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi silane imodzi, polyethylene yomwe ili mu phukusili sinapatsidwebe, kotero palibe vuto la kusakanikirana kwa pre-crosslinking ndipo chifukwa chake catalyst sikufunika kupakidwa padera.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma silane ophatikizika omwe amapezeka pamsika, omwe ndi kuphatikiza kwa silane, initiator, antioxidant, mafuta ena ndi mankhwala oletsa mkuwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zolumikizirana za silane m'mafakitale a chingwe.
Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka silane cross-linked polyethylene insulation, komwe kapangidwe kake sikamaonedwa kuti ndi kovuta kwambiri ndipo kamapezeka mu chidziwitso choyenera, koma kapangidwe koyenera ka kupanga, kakuyenera kusintha zina kuti kamalizidwe, komwe kumafuna kumvetsetsa bwino udindo wa zigawo mu kapangidwe kake ndi lamulo la momwe zimakhudzira magwiridwe antchito ndi mphamvu zawo zonse.
Mu mitundu yambiri ya zipangizo za chingwe, zinthu za chingwe zolumikizidwa ndi silane (magawo awiri kapena sitepe imodzi) zimaonedwa kuti ndi mitundu yokhayo ya njira zamankhwala zomwe zimachitika mu extrusion, mitundu ina monga polyvinyl chloride (PVC) chingwe ndi polyethylene (PE) chingwe, njira yolumikizirana ndi extrusion ndi njira yosakanikirana, ngakhale ngati mankhwala olumikizirana ndi irradiation ndi crosslinking, kaya mu extrusion granulation process, kapena extrusion system Cable, palibe njira ya mankhwala yomwe imachitika, kotero, poyerekeza, kupanga zinthu za chingwe zolumikizidwa ndi silane ndi extrusion insulation, kuwongolera njira ndikofunikira kwambiri.
4. Njira ziwiri zopangira kutchinjiriza kwa polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi silane
Njira yopangira zinthu ziwiri zotetezera kutentha za silane cross-linked polyethylene A zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule ndi Chithunzi 1.
Chithunzi 1 Njira yopangira zinthu ziwiri zotetezera kutentha za silane zolumikizidwa ndi polyethylene A
Mfundo zazikulu pakupanga silane cross-linked polyethylene insulation ya magawo awiri:
(1) Kuumitsa. Popeza utomoni wa polyethylene uli ndi madzi ochepa, akatulutsidwa kutentha kwambiri, madziwo amachitapo kanthu mwachangu ndi magulu a silyl kuti apange cross-linking, zomwe zimachepetsa kusungunuka kwa madzi ndikupanga pre-cross-linking. Zipangizo zomalizidwa zimakhalanso ndi madzi pambuyo pa kuzizira kwa madzi, zomwe zingayambitsenso pre-crosslinking ngati sizichotsedwa, ndipo ziyeneranso kuumitsidwa. Pofuna kutsimikizira ubwino wa kuumitsa, chipangizo chowumitsira chakuya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
(2) Kuyeza. Popeza kulondola kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu ndikofunikira, sikelo yolemetsa yochokera kunja nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Utomoni wa polyethylene ndi antioxidant zimayesedwa ndikuperekedwa kudzera mu doko la chakudya cha extruder, pomwe silane ndi choyambitsa zimabayidwa ndi pampu yamadzimadzi mu mbiya yachiwiri kapena yachitatu ya extruder.
(3) Kulumikiza kwa Extrusion. Njira yolumikizira silane imamalizidwa mu extruder. Makonzedwe a njira ya extruder, kuphatikizapo kutentha, kuphatikiza kwa screw, liwiro la screw ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ziyenera kutsatira mfundo yakuti zinthu zomwe zili mu gawo loyamba la extruder zitha kusungunuka kwathunthu ndikusakanikirana mofanana, pamene peroxide siikufunika kuwonongeka msanga, ndi kuti zinthu zomwe zili mu gawo lachiwiri la extruder ziyenera kuwola kwathunthu ndipo njira yolumikizira imamalizidwa. Kutentha kwapadera kwa gawo la extruder (LDPE) kwawonetsedwa mu Table 1.
Tebulo 1 Kutentha kwa madera awiri otulutsira zinthu
| Malo ogwirira ntchito | Gawo 1 | Gawo 2 | Chigawo 3 ① | Gawo 4 | Gawo 5 |
| Kutentha P °C | 140 | 145 | 120 | 160 | 170 |
| Malo ogwirira ntchito | Gawo 6 | Gawo 7 | Gawo 8 | Gawo 9 | Kufa pakamwa |
| Kutentha °C | 180 | 190 | 195 | 205 | 195 |
①ndipo pomwe silane imawonjezedwa.
Liwiro la cholembera chotulutsira madzi limatsimikizira nthawi yokhalamo ndi zotsatira za kusakaniza kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu chotulutsira madzi, ngati nthawi yokhalamo ndi yochepa, kuwonongeka kwa peroxide sikukwanira; ngati nthawi yokhalamo ndi yayitali kwambiri, kukhuthala kwa zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa kumawonjezeka. Kawirikawiri, nthawi yapakati yokhalamo ya granule mu chotulutsira madzi iyenera kulamulidwa mu nthawi yoyambira yochepetsa nthawi ya 5-10. Liwiro la chakudya sikuti limangokhudza nthawi yokhalamo ya zinthuzo, komanso kusakaniza ndi kudula kwa zinthuzo, kusankha liwiro loyenera la chakudya ndikofunikira kwambiri.
(4) Kupaka. Zipangizo zotetezera kutentha za silane zokhala ndi magawo awiri ziyenera kupakidwa m'matumba ophatikizika a aluminiyamu ndi pulasitiki mumlengalenga mwachindunji kuti zichotse chinyezi.
5. Njira imodzi yopangira zinthu zotetezera kutentha ya silane yolumikizidwa ndi polyethylene
Zinthu zotetezera kutentha za polyethylene zolumikizidwa ndi silane imodzi chifukwa cha njira yake yolumikizira zili mu fakitale ya chingwe chotulutsa pakati pa chingwe, kotero kutentha kwa chingwe chotulutsira kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa njira ya magawo awiri. Ngakhale kuti njira imodzi yotetezera kutentha ya silane imodzi yolumikizidwa ndi silane yaganiziridwa mokwanira pakufalikira mwachangu kwa choyambitsa ndi silane ndi kumeta zinthu, koma njira yolumikizira iyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kutentha, komwe ndi chomera chopangira kutentha cha silane imodzi yolumikizidwa ndi silane imodzi yolumikizidwa mobwerezabwereza, chomwe chimagogomezera kufunika kosankha kutentha koyenera kwa extrusion, kutentha komwe kumalimbikitsidwa kwa extrusion kukuwonetsedwa mu Gome 2.
Tebulo 2 Kutentha kwa extruder imodzi ya gawo lililonse (gawo: ℃)
| Malo | Gawo 1 | Gawo 2 | Gawo 3 | Gawo 4 | Flange | Mutu |
| Kutentha | 160 | 190 | 200～210 | 220～230 | 230 | 230 |
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zofooka za njira imodzi ya polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi silane, yomwe nthawi zambiri siifunika potulutsa zingwe m'magawo awiri.
6. Zipangizo zopangira
Zipangizo zopangira ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira cha kuwongolera njira. Kupanga zingwe zolumikizidwa ndi silane kumafuna kulondola kwakukulu kwa njira zowongolera, kotero kusankha zida zopangira ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Kupanga zinthu ziwiri zotetezera kutentha za silane zolumikizidwa ndi polyethylene. Zipangizo zopangira zinthu, zomwe pakadali pano zimakhala ndi isotropic yofanana ndi twin-screw extruder yokhala ndi kulemera kopanda kulemera komwe kumatumizidwa kunja, zipangizo zotere zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakulondola kwa njira, kusankha kutalika ndi m'mimba mwake kwa twin-screw extruder kuti zitsimikizire kuti nthawi yogona ndi yolondola, kusankha kulemera kopanda kulemera komwe kumatumizidwa kunja kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa zosakaniza. Zachidziwikire, pali zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa mosamala kwambiri pazida zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa.
Monga tanenera kale, zida zopangira chingwe zolumikizidwa ndi silane imodzi mufakitale ya chingwe zimatumizidwa kunja, zokwera mtengo, opanga zida zapakhomo alibe zida zofananira zopangira, chifukwa chake ndi kusowa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa opanga zida ndi ofufuza za formula ndi njira.
7. Silane zachilengedwe zolumikizidwa ndi polyethylene zotetezera kutentha
Zipangizo zotetezera kutentha za polyethylene zopangidwa ndi silane zachilengedwe zomwe zapangidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa zitha kulumikizidwa m'malo achilengedwe mkati mwa masiku ochepa, popanda kumiza nthunzi kapena madzi ofunda. Poyerekeza ndi njira yachikhalidwe yolumikizirana ya silane, zinthuzi zitha kuchepetsa njira yopangira opanga zingwe, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito. Silane mwachilengedwe yolumikizirana ndi polyethylene imadziwika kwambiri ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zingwe.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, silane yachilengedwe yolumikizidwa ndi polyethylene yoteteza ku dzuwa yakunyumba yakula ndipo yapangidwa mochuluka, ndi ubwino wina pamtengo poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zochokera kunja.
7. 1 Malingaliro opangira silane mwachilengedwe yolumikizidwa ndi polyethylene
Zotchingira za polyethylene zopangidwa ndi silane natural cross-linked zimapangidwa m'njira ziwiri, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira yomweyo yokhala ndi base resin, initiator, silane, antioxidant, polymerisation inhibitor ndi catalyst. Kupanga kwa silane natural cross-linked polyethylene insulators kumadalira pakuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa silane grafting ya chinthu cha A ndikusankha catalyst yothandiza kwambiri kuposa silane water water cross-linked polyethylene insulators. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za A zomwe zili ndi silane grafting yochuluka pamodzi ndi catalyst yothandiza kwambiri kudzathandiza silane cross-linked polyethylene insulator kuti ilumikizane mwachangu ngakhale kutentha kochepa komanso popanda chinyezi chokwanira.
Zipangizo za A za silane yochokera kunja yolumikizidwa mwachilengedwe imapangidwa ndi copolymerization, komwe kuchuluka kwa silane kumatha kulamulidwa pamlingo wapamwamba, pomwe kupanga kwa zinthu za A zomwe zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa grafting pogwiritsa ntchito grafting silane kumakhala kovuta. Utomoni woyambira, woyambitsa ndi silane zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yophikira ziyenera kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa malinga ndi mitundu ndi kuwonjezera.
Kusankha resist ndi kusintha kwa mlingo wake ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa grafting ya silane kumabweretsa zotsatira zambiri za CC crosslinking side. Pofuna kukonza processing fluidity ndi momwe pamwamba pa chipangizo cha A chimagwirira ntchito kuti chitulutsidwe pambuyo pake, kuchuluka koyenera kwa polymerization inhibitor kumafunika kuti kulepheretse CC crosslinking ndi pre-crosslinking.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma catalyst amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonjezera liwiro la crosslinking ndipo ayenera kusankhidwa ngati ma catalyst ogwira ntchito okhala ndi zinthu zopanda zitsulo.
7. 2 Nthawi yolumikizirana ya silane yolumikizidwa mwachilengedwe yoteteza polyethylene
Nthawi yofunikira kuti amalize kulumikiza kwa silane natural cross-linked polyethylene insulation mu mkhalidwe wake wachilengedwe imadalira kutentha, chinyezi ndi makulidwe a insulation layer. Kutentha ndi chinyezi zikakwera, makulidwe a insulation layer amachepa, nthawi yolumikizirana imafupika, komanso nthawi yayitali imasiyana. Popeza kutentha ndi chinyezi zimasiyana malinga ndi dera komanso nyengo, ngakhale pamalo omwewo komanso nthawi yomweyo, kutentha ndi chinyezi lero ndi mawa zidzakhala zosiyana. Chifukwa chake, panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito chipangizocho, wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kudziwa nthawi yolumikizirana malinga ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi chapafupi komanso chomwe chilipo, komanso momwe chingwecho chimafotokozera komanso makulidwe a insulation layer.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-13-2022