Chishango chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu za waya ndi chingwe chili ndi malingaliro awiri osiyana kotheratu: chishango chamagetsi ndi chishango chamagetsi. Chishango chamagetsi chimapangidwa kuti chiteteze zingwe kutumiza zizindikiro zama frequency apamwamba (monga zingwe za RF ndi zingwe zamagetsi) kuti zisayambitse kusokoneza kwakunja kapena kuletsa mafunde amagetsi akunja kuti asasokoneze zingwe zomwe zimatumiza mafunde ofooka (monga zingwe za chizindikiro kapena zoyezera), komanso kuchepetsa kulumikizana pakati pa zingwe. Chishango chamagetsi chimapangidwa kuti chigwirizane ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pamwamba pa conductor kapena pamwamba pa insulation ya zingwe zamagetsi zapakati ndi zapamwamba.
1. Kapangidwe ndi Zofunikira za Zigawo Zotchingira Masamba Zamagetsi
Kuteteza zingwe zamagetsi kumaphatikizapo kuteteza ma conductor, kuteteza ma insulation, ndi kuteteza ma metallic. Malinga ndi miyezo yoyenera, zingwe zokhala ndi voltage yoposa 0.6/1kV ziyenera kukhala ndi chitsulo choteteza, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa core iliyonse yotetezedwa kapena pa core ya chingwe yokhala ndi ma core ambiri. Pa zingwe zotetezedwa za XLPE zokhala ndi voltage yochepera 3.6/6kV ndi zingwe zopyapyala za EPR zokhala ndi voltage yochepera 3.6/6kV (kapena zingwe zokhuthala zokhuthala zokhala ndi voltage yochepera 6/10kV), nyumba zotetezera zamkati ndi zakunja zomwe zimathandizira ma conductor zimafunikanso.
(1) Kuteteza ndi Kuteteza Choyendetsa
Chotchingira kondakitala (chotchingira chamkati chotulutsa mpweya) sichiyenera kukhala chachitsulo, chokhala ndi zinthu zotulutsira mpweya zomwe zimatulutsidwa kapena tepi yotulutsira mpweya yomwe imazunguliridwa ndi kondakitala yotulutsira mpweya yomwe imatsatiridwa ndi gawo lotulutsira mpweya lomwe limatulutsidwa.
Chotchingira choteteza kutentha (chotchingira chakunja cha semi-conductive) ndi chosapanga chitsulo chopanda mphamvu chomwe chimatuluka mwachindunji pamwamba pa tsinde lililonse lotetezedwa, lomwe lingathe kumangiriridwa mwamphamvu kapena kuchotsedwa ku chotchingira. Zigawo zamkati ndi zakunja za semi-conductive zomwe zimatulutsidwa ziyenera kumangiriridwa mwamphamvu ku chotchingira kutentha, ndi malo osalala, opanda zizindikiro zoonekeratu za ulusi, komanso opanda m'mbali zakuthwa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zizindikiro zoyaka, kapena mikwingwirima. Kukana kwa mphamvu isanayambe komanso itatha kukalamba sikuyenera kupitirira 1000 Ω·m ya chotchingira chowongolera ndi 500 Ω·m ya chotchingira choteteza kutentha.
Zipangizo zotetezera zamkati ndi zakunja zopangidwa ndi theka-conductive zimapangidwa posakaniza zinthu zotetezera (monga polyethylene yolumikizidwa, rabara ya ethylene-propylene, ndi zina zotero) ndi carbon black, antioxidants, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ndi zina zowonjezera. Tinthu takuda ta carbon tiyenera kufalikira mofanana mkati mwa polima, popanda kusonkhana kapena kufalikira bwino.
Kukhuthala kwa zigawo zotchingira zamkati ndi zakunja za semi-conductive kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi. Chifukwa mphamvu yamagetsi pa insulation layer ndi yayikulu mkati ndi pansi kunja, makulidwe a zigawo zotchingira za semi-conductive ayeneranso kukhala akulu mkati kuposa kunja. Kale, zotchingira zakunja za semi-conductive zinkapangidwa kukhala zokhuthala pang'ono kuposa zamkati kuti zisakhwime chifukwa cha kusayenda bwino kapena kubowoka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha matepi olimba kwambiri a mkuwa. Tsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito online automatic sag monitoring ndi matepi ofewa a mkuwa, gawo lotchingira lamkati la semi-conductive liyenera kupangidwa kukhala lokhuthala pang'ono kapena lofanana ndi lakunja. Pa zingwe za 6–10–35 kV, makulidwe amkati nthawi zambiri amakhala 0.5–0.6–0.8 mm.
(2) Chitetezo chachitsulo
Zingwe zokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoposa 0.6/1kV ziyenera kukhala ndi gawo loteteza lachitsulo. Gawo loteteza lachitsulo liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa gawo lililonse loteteza kapena pakati pa chingwe. Choteteza chachitsulo chiyenera kukhala ndi tepi imodzi kapena zingapo zachitsulo, zoluka zachitsulo, zigawo zozungulira za mawaya achitsulo, kapena kuphatikiza mawaya achitsulo ndi matepi achitsulo.
Ku Ulaya ndi mayiko ena otukuka, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito makina oteteza magetsi awiri okhala ndi mafunde afupiafupi okhala ndi mafunde ambiri afupiafupi, zotchingira waya zamkuwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Opanga ena amaika mawaya amkuwa mu chigoba cholekanitsa kapena chigoba chakunja kuti achepetse kukula kwa chingwe. Ku China, kupatula mapulojekiti ena ofunikira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina oteteza magetsi awiri okhala ndi mafunde afupiafupi, makina ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi a arc-suppression coil-grounded single-circuit, omwe amachepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yochepa, kotero zotchingira za tepi zamkuwa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mafakitale a chingwe amakonza matepi olimba amkuwa omwe amagulidwa mwa kudula ndi kulowetsa kuti akwaniritse kutalika kwina ndi mphamvu yokoka (kolimba kwambiri kudzakanda gawo loteteza kutentha, kofewa kwambiri kudzakwinya) musanagwiritse ntchito. Matepi ofewa amkuwa ayenera kutsatira GB/T11091-2005 Copper Tape ya Ma Cables.
Zotchingira tepi yamkuwa ziyenera kukhala ndi gawo limodzi la tepi yofewa yamkuwa yolumikizidwa kapena zigawo ziwiri za tepi yofewa yamkuwa yokulungidwa ndi helikopita yokhala ndi mipata. Kuchuluka kwa tepi yamkuwa kuyenera kukhala 15% ya m'lifupi mwake (mtengo wochepera), ndipo kuchuluka kocheperako kuyenera kukhala kosachepera 5%. Kulemera kwa tepi yamkuwa kuyenera kukhala osachepera 0.12 mm pa zingwe za single-core ndi osachepera 0.10 mm pa zingwe za multi-core. Kulemera kocheperako kwa tepi yamkuwa kuyenera kukhala kosachepera 90% ya mtengo wocheperako. Kutengera ndi kukula kwakunja kwa zotchingira zotenthetsera (≤25 mm kapena >25 mm), m'lifupi mwa tepi yamkuwa nthawi zambiri ndi 30–35 mm.
Chishango cha waya wa mkuwa chimapangidwa ndi mawaya ofewa a mkuwa opindika mozungulira, omangiriridwa ndi zokutira za waya wa mkuwa kapena matepi a mkuwa. Kukana kwake kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za GB/T3956-2008 Conductors of Cables, ndipo malo ake oyambira ayenera kutsimikiziridwa malinga ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yolakwika. Chishango cha waya wa mkuwa chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamwamba pa chishango chamkati cha zingwe zitatu kapena mwachindunji pamwamba pa insulation, gawo lakunja la chishango cha semi-conductive, kapena chishango choyenera chamkati cha zingwe za single-core. Mpata wapakati pakati pa zingwe zamkuwa zapafupi suyenera kupitirira 4 mm. Mpata wapakati G umawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:
komwe:
D - m'mimba mwake wa pakati pa chingwe pansi pa chotchingira waya wamkuwa, mu mm;
d - m'mimba mwake wa waya wamkuwa, mu mm;
n – chiwerengero cha mawaya amkuwa.
2. Udindo wa Zigawo Zotchingira ndi Ubale Wawo ndi Ma Voltage Levels
(1) Udindo wa Chitetezo cha Mkati ndi Chakunja Chosasuntha
Ma conductor a chingwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku mawaya angapo omangika. Panthawi yotulutsa insulation, mipata, ma burrs, ndi zolakwika zina pamwamba zimatha kukhalapo pakati pa pamwamba pa conductor ndi insulation layer, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azikhala ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya utuluke komanso kuti mitengo ituluke, komanso kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito a dielectric. Mwa kutulutsa zinthu zoyendetsera mpweya (conductor shielding) pamwamba pa conductor, zimathandiza kuti insulation igwirizane bwino ndi insulation. Chifukwa chakuti semi-conductive layer ndi conductor zili ndi mphamvu yofanana, ngakhale pali mipata pakati pawo, sipadzakhala mphamvu yamagetsi, zomwe zimaletsa kutulutsa mpweya pang'ono.
Mofananamo, pali mipata pakati pa pamwamba pa insulation yakunja ndi sheath yachitsulo (kapena shielding yachitsulo), ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi ikakwera, pali mwayi waukulu woti mpweya utuluke. Mwa kutulutsa semi-conductive layer (insulation shielding) pamwamba pa insulation yakunja, pamwamba pa equipotential imapangidwa ndi sheath yachitsulo, kuchotsa magetsi m'mipata ndikuletsa kutulutsa pang'ono.
(2) Udindo wa Chitsulo Choteteza
Ntchito za chitetezo chachitsulo zikuphatikizapo: kunyamula mphamvu yamagetsi yogwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse, kugwira ntchito ngati njira yopezera mphamvu yamagetsi yochepa pakagwa mavuto; kuletsa mphamvu yamagetsi mkati mwa chotenthetsera (kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa magetsi akunja) ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yozungulira ikugwirizana; kugwira ntchito ngati chingwe chopanda malire m'magawo atatu a waya anayi kuti anyamule mphamvu yamagetsi yosagwirizana; ndikupereka chitetezo choletsa madzi chozungulira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-28-2025