1. Chiyambi
Chingwe cholumikizirana potumiza zizindikiro zama frequency apamwamba, ma conductors amapanga zotsatira za khungu, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa pafupipafupi kwa chizindikiro chotumizira, zotsatira za khungu zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri. Chomwe chimatchedwa zotsatira za khungu chimatanthauza kutumiza zizindikiro pamwamba pakunja kwa conductor wamkati ndi pamwamba pa conductor wakunja wa chingwe cha coaxial pamene pafupipafupi ya chizindikiro chotumizira imafika pa kilohertz zingapo kapena makumi masauzande a hertz.
Makamaka, chifukwa mitengo ya mkuwa padziko lonse lapansi ikukwera komanso chuma cha mkuwa chikuchepa kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito waya wa aluminiyamu wopangidwa ndi mkuwa m'malo mwa waya wopangidwa ndi mkuwa, kwakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri kwa makampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe, komanso chifukwa cholimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito malo ambiri pamsika.
Koma waya mu plating yamkuwa, chifukwa cha kukonzedwa kale, nickel yoyambirira ndi njira zina, komanso momwe yankho la plating limakhudzira, zimakhala zosavuta kupanga mavuto ndi zolakwika zotsatirazi: kufinya kwa waya, kuyika sikwabwino, kuyika kwakukulu kwa plating pakhungu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti waya azitaya, zinyalala za zinthu ziwonongeke, kotero kuti ndalama zopangira zinthuzo zikukwera. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti chophimbacho chili bwino. Pepalali likufotokoza makamaka mfundo ndi njira zopangira waya wachitsulo wopangidwa ndi mkuwa pogwiritsa ntchito electroplating, komanso zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto abwino komanso njira zothetsera mavuto. 1 Njira yoyika waya wachitsulo wopangidwa ndi mkuwa ndi zomwe zimayambitsa
1. 1 Kukonza waya musanagwiritse ntchito
Choyamba, wayayo imamizidwa mu yankho la alkaline ndi pickling, ndipo mphamvu inayake imayikidwa pa waya (anode) ndi mbale (cathode), anode imapangitsa mpweya wambiri. Ntchito yayikulu ya mpweya uwu ndi iyi: choyamba, thovu lamphamvu pamwamba pa waya wachitsulo ndi electrolyte yake yapafupi imachita kusuntha kwamakina ndi kuchotsa, motero kulimbikitsa mafuta kuchokera pamwamba pa waya wachitsulo, kufulumizitsa njira ya saponification ndi emulsification ya mafuta ndi mafuta; chachiwiri, chifukwa cha thovu laling'ono lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi kulumikizana pakati pa chitsulo ndi yankho, thovu ndi waya wachitsulo zitatuluka, thovulo lidzamamatira ku waya wachitsulo wokhala ndi mafuta ambiri pamwamba pa yankho, chifukwa chake, pa thovulo lidzabweretsa mafuta ambiri omamatira ku waya wachitsulo pamwamba pa yankho, motero kulimbikitsa kuchotsa mafuta, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, sizophweka kupanga hydrogen embrittlement ya anode, kuti pakhale plating yabwino.
1. 2 Kuphimba waya
Choyamba, wayayo imakonzedwa kale ndikupakidwa nickel poyimiza mu plating solution ndikuyika voltage inayake pa waya (cathode) ndi copper plate (anode). Pa anode, copper plate imataya ma electron ndikupanga ma free divalent copper ions mu electrolytic (plating) bath:
Cu – 2e→Cu2+
Pa cathode, waya wachitsulo umasinthidwanso kukhala wamagetsi ndipo ma ayoni amkuwa a divalent amaikidwa pa waya kuti apange waya wachitsulo wokhala ndi mkuwa:
Cu2 + + 2e→ Cu
Cu2 + + e→ Cu +
Cu + + e→ Cu
2H + + 2e→ H2
Ngati kuchuluka kwa asidi mu yankho la plating sikukwanira, sulphate ya cuprous imasungunuka mosavuta kuti ipange cuprous oxide. Cuprous oxide imatsekeredwa mu plating layer, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yomasuka. Cu2 SO4 + H2O [Cu2O + H2 SO4
I. Zigawo Zofunika
Zingwe zowunikira zakunja nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ulusi wopanda kanthu, chubu chosasunthika, zinthu zotchinga madzi, zinthu zolimbitsa, ndi chigoba chakunja. Zimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana monga kapangidwe ka chubu chapakati, kulumikiza zigawo, ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa.
Ulusi wopanda kanthu umatanthauza ulusi woyambirira wa kuwala wokhala ndi mainchesi 250. Nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi gawo lapakati, gawo lophimba, ndi gawo lophimba. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi wopanda kanthu imakhala ndi kukula kosiyana kwa magawo apakati. Mwachitsanzo, ulusi wa OS2 wa single-mode nthawi zambiri umakhala ma micrometer 9, pomwe ulusi wa multimode OM2/OM3/OM4/OM5 nthawi zambiri umakhala ma micrometer 50, ndipo ulusi wa multimode OM1 ndi ma micrometer 62.5. Ulusi wopanda kanthu nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti usiyanitse ulusi wa multi-core.
Machubu otayirira nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki yamphamvu kwambiri ya PBT ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika ulusi wopanda kanthu. Amateteza ndipo amadzazidwa ndi jeli yotchinga madzi kuti madzi asalowe zomwe zingawononge ulusi. Jeliyo imagwiranso ntchito ngati chotetezera kuti ulusi usawonongeke ndi kugundana. Njira yopangira machubu otayirira ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti ulusiwo ukhale wautali kwambiri.
Zipangizo zotchingira madzi zimaphatikizapo mafuta otchingira madzi a chingwe, ulusi wotchingira madzi, kapena ufa wotchingira madzi. Kuti chingwecho chikhale ndi mphamvu yotchingira madzi, njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta otchingira madzi.
Zinthu zolimbitsa thupi zimapezeka m'mitundu yachitsulo ndi yosakhala yachitsulo. Zachitsulo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi mawaya achitsulo okhala ndi phosphate, matepi a aluminiyamu, kapena matepi achitsulo. Zinthu zosakhala zachitsulo zimapangidwa makamaka ndi zinthu za FRP. Mosasamala kanthu za zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, zinthuzi ziyenera kupereka mphamvu yofunikira yamakina kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira, kuphatikizapo kukana kupsinjika, kupindika, kugwedezeka, ndi kupindika.
Zikopa zakunja ziyenera kuganizira malo ogwiritsira ntchito, kuphatikizapo kuletsa madzi kulowa, kukana UV, komanso kukana nyengo. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zakuda za PE zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chifukwa mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri akuthupi ndi mankhwala amatsimikizira kuti ndizoyenera kuyikidwa panja.
2 Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto abwino pakupanga mkuwa ndi njira zothetsera mavutowo
2. 1 Mphamvu ya waya wokonzedwa kale pa waya wopangidwa ndi pulasitiki Kukonzedwa kale kwa waya ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga waya wopangidwa ndi chitsulo chophimbidwa ndi mkuwa pogwiritsa ntchito electroplating. Ngati filimu ya mafuta ndi oxide pamwamba pa wayayo sinachotsedwe kwathunthu, ndiye kuti nickel wosanjikiza kale siwophimbidwa bwino ndipo mgwirizano wake ndi woipa, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti waya wopangidwa ndi mkuwa ugwe. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa alkaline ndi madzi opangidwa ndi pickling, pickling ndi alkaline current komanso ngati mapampu ndi abwinobwino, ndipo ngati si abwinobwino, ayenera kukonzedwa mwachangu. Mavuto ofala kwambiri pakukonzedwa kale kwa waya wachitsulo ndi mayankho awo akuwonetsedwa mu Table.
2. 2 Kukhazikika kwa yankho la pre-nickel kumatsimikizira mwachindunji ubwino wa wosanjikiza wa pre-plating ndipo kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pa gawo lotsatira la copper plating. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwunika nthawi zonse ndikusintha chiŵerengero cha kapangidwe ka yankho la nickel lomwe laikidwa kale ndikuwonetsetsa kuti yankho la nickel lomwe laikidwa kale ndi loyera komanso losaipitsidwa.
2.3 Mphamvu ya yankho lalikulu lopangira ma plating pa plating layer. Njira yopangira ma plating ili ndi copper sulphate ndi sulfuric acid ngati zigawo ziwiri, kapangidwe ka chiŵerengerocho kamatsimikizira mwachindunji ubwino wa plating layer. Ngati kuchuluka kwa copper sulphate kuli kokwera kwambiri, makristalo a copper sulphate adzasungunuka; ngati kuchuluka kwa copper sulphate kuli kotsika kwambiri, waya udzapsa mosavuta ndipo mphamvu yopangira ma plating idzakhudzidwa. Sulfuric acid ikhoza kusintha mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi za electroplating solution, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma ions amkuwa mu electroplating solution (zotsatira zomwezo za ion), motero kukonza cathodic polarization ndi kufalikira kwa electroplating solution, kotero kuti malire a current density akuwonjezeka, ndikuletsa hydrolysis ya cuprous sulphate mu electroplating solution kukhala cuprous oxide ndi precipitation, kuonjezera kukhazikika kwa plating solution, komanso kuchepetsa anodic polarization, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anode isungunuke bwino. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid kumachepetsa kusungunuka kwa copper sulphate. Ngati kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid mu plating solution sikukwanira, copper sulphate imasungunuka mosavuta kukhala cuprous oxide ndikukodwa mu plating layer, mtundu wa plating layer umakhala wakuda komanso womasuka; pamene pali sulfuric acid wochulukirapo mu plating solution ndipo copper salt sukwanira, hydrogen idzatulutsidwa pang'ono mu cathode, kotero kuti pamwamba pa plating layer zikuwoneka ngati madontho. Kuchuluka kwa phosphorous m'mbale yamkuwa ya phosphorous kumakhudzanso kwambiri mtundu wa plating, kuchuluka kwa phosphorous kuyenera kulamulidwa pakati pa 0.04% mpaka 0.07%, ngati kuli kochepera 0.02%, n'kovuta kupanga filimu kuti tipewe kupanga ma ions amkuwa, motero kuwonjezera ufa wa copper mu plating solution; Ngati phosphorous ili yoposa 0.1%, izi zidzakhudza kusungunuka kwa anode yamkuwa, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni amkuwa ozungulira mu yankho la plating kumachepa, ndikupanga matope ambiri a anode. Kuphatikiza apo, mbale yamkuwa iyenera kutsukidwa nthawi zonse kuti matope a anode asaipitse yankho la plating ndikuyambitsa kukwawa ndi ma burrs mu gawo la plating.
3 Mapeto
Kudzera mu kukonza zinthu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, kumamatira ndi kupitiriza kwa chinthucho kumakhala bwino, khalidwe lake ndi lokhazikika ndipo magwiridwe antchito ake ndi abwino kwambiri. Komabe, munjira yeniyeni yopangira, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa plating layer mu plating process, vutoli likapezeka, liyenera kufufuzidwa ndikuphunziridwa nthawi yake ndipo njira zoyenera ziyenera kutengedwa kuti lithetsedwe.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-14-2022