Zigawo za kapangidwe ka waya ndi zinthu za chingwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kugawidwa m'magawo anayi akuluakulu:owongolera, zigawo zotetezera kutentha, zotchingira ndi zoteteza, pamodzi ndi zida zodzaza ndi zinthu zomangirira. Malinga ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kapangidwe ka zinthu zina ndi kosavuta, komwe kali ndi ma conductor okha ngati gawo la kapangidwe kake, monga mawaya opanda kanthu pamwamba, mawaya a netiweki yolumikizirana, mabasi a mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu (mabasi), ndi zina zotero. Kuteteza kwamagetsi kwakunja kwa zinthuzi kumadalira zotetezera panthawi yoyika ndi mtunda wa malo (mwachitsanzo, kuteteza mpweya) kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo.
1. Oyendetsa
Ma conductor ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azitha kapena mafunde amagetsi azitha kufalikira mkati mwa chinthu. Ma conductor, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ma cores a waya woyendetsa, amapangidwa kuchokera ku zitsulo zopanda chitsulo monga mkuwa, aluminiyamu, ndi zina zotero. Zingwe za fiber optic zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maukonde olumikizirana a kuwala omwe akusintha mwachangu m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi zimagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa kuwala ngati ma conductor.
2. Zigawo Zotetezera Kutentha
Zinthu zimenezi zimaphimba ma conductor, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi aziteteza. Zimaonetsetsa kuti mafunde amagetsi kapena ma electromagnetic/optical omwe amatumizidwa amangoyenda motsatira conductor osati kunja. Magawo a insulation amasunga mphamvu (monga, voltage) pa conductor kuti isakhudze zinthu zozungulira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti conductor ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso chitetezo chakunja cha zinthu ndi anthu.
Ma conductor ndi zigawo zotetezera kutentha ndi zinthu ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pazinthu za chingwe (kupatula mawaya opanda kanthu).
Mu nyengo zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe panthawi yokhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, zinthu za waya ndi chingwe ziyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimateteza, makamaka pa zinthu zotetezera. Zinthuzi zimadziwika kuti zigawo zoteteza.
Popeza zipangizo zotetezera kutentha ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zotetezera kutentha kwa magetsi, zimafuna kuyera kwambiri komanso kusadetsedwa kwambiri. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zipangizozi sizingapereke chitetezo nthawi imodzi ku zinthu zakunja (monga mphamvu zamakina panthawi yoyika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, kukana mlengalenga, mankhwala, mafuta, zoopsa zamoyo, ndi zoopsa zamoto). Zofunikira izi zimayendetsedwa ndi nyumba zosiyanasiyana zoteteza.
Pa zingwe zomwe zapangidwira makamaka malo abwino akunja (monga malo oyera, ouma, amkati opanda mphamvu zakunja zamakanika), kapena ngati zinthu zotetezera zokha zikuwonetsa mphamvu zina zamakanika komanso kukana nyengo, sipangakhale chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito gawo loteteza.
4. Kuteteza
Ndi gawo la zinthu za chingwe lomwe limalekanitsa mphamvu yamagetsi mkati mwa chingwe ndi zinthu zakunja zamagetsi. Ngakhale pakati pa mawaya awiri kapena magulu osiyanasiyana mkati mwa zinthu za chingwe, kudzipatula kwa onse ndikofunikira. Chitsulo chotchingira chingatchulidwe ngati "chotchingira chamagetsi."
Kwa zaka zambiri, makampaniwa akhala akuona kuti gawo loteteza lili ngati gawo la kapangidwe ka gawo loteteza. Komabe, akuganiziridwa kuti liyenera kuonedwa ngati gawo losiyana. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ntchito ya gawo loteteza sikuti imangopatula chidziwitso chomwe chimatumizidwa mkati mwa chinthu cha chingwe, kuletsa kuti chisatuluke kapena kuyambitsa kusokoneza kwa zida zakunja kapena mizere ina, komanso kuletsa mafunde akunja amagetsi kuti asalowe mu chinthu cha chingwe kudzera mu kulumikizana kwamagetsi. Zofunikira izi zimasiyana ndi ntchito zachikhalidwe zoteteza. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo loteteza silimangoyikidwa kunja kwa chinthucho komanso limayikidwa pakati pa awiriawiri a waya kapena awiriawiri mu chingwe. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, chifukwa cha kukula mwachangu kwa machitidwe otumizira chidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya ndi zingwe, pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa magwero osokoneza mafunde amagetsi mumlengalenga, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapangidwe otetezedwa yachuluka. Kumvetsetsa kuti gawo loteteza ndi gawo lofunikira la zinthu za chingwe kwavomerezedwa kwambiri.
Zinthu zambiri za waya ndi chingwe zimakhala ndi ma core ambiri, monga ma waya ambiri otsika mphamvu omwe amakhala ndi ma core anayi kapena asanu (oyenera machitidwe a magawo atatu), ndi ma foni am'mizinda kuyambira ma 800 mpaka ma 3600. Pambuyo pophatikiza ma core awa otetezedwa kapena ma waya awiriawiri kukhala chingwe (kapena kugawidwa kangapo), pali mawonekedwe osasinthasintha komanso mipata yayikulu pakati pa ma core otetezedwa kapena ma waya awiriawiri. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe kodzaza kayenera kuphatikizidwa panthawi yomanga chingwe. Cholinga cha kapangidwe kameneka ndikusunga mainchesi akunja ofanana pakuzungulira, zomwe zimathandiza kukulunga ndi kutulutsa chidendene. Kuphatikiza apo, zimawonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa chingwe ndi kulimba kwa kapangidwe ka mkati, kugawa mphamvu mofanana panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito (kutambasula, kukanikiza, ndi kupindika popanga ndi kuika) kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe ka mkati ka chingwe.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti kapangidwe kake kodzaza ndi kothandiza, ndikofunikira. Pali malamulo atsatanetsatane okhudza kusankha ndi kupanga zinthu za kapangidwe kake.
Zinthu zachikhalidwe za waya ndi chingwe nthawi zambiri zimadalira gawo lotetezedwa kuti ziphimbe mphamvu zakunja zomangika kapena kupsinjika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi zomangira zachitsulo ndi zomangira zachitsulo (monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawaya achitsulo okhuthala 8mm, opindika kukhala gawo lotetezedwa, pa zingwe za pansi pamadzi). Komabe, mu zingwe za ulusi wowala, kuti ateteze ulusi ku mphamvu zazing'ono zomangika, kupewa kusintha kulikonse komwe kungakhudze magwiridwe antchito a kutumiza, zokutira zoyambira ndi zachiwiri ndi zigawo zapadera zomangika zimaphatikizidwa mu kapangidwe ka chingwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu zingwe zam'manja zam'manja, waya wopyapyala wamkuwa kapena tepi yopyapyala yamkuwa yozungulira ulusi wopangidwa imatulutsidwa ndi gawo loteteza, komwe ulusi wopangidwa umagwira ntchito ngati gawo lomangika. Ponseponse, m'zaka zaposachedwa, pakupanga zinthu zazing'ono komanso zosinthasintha zomwe zimafuna kupindika ndi kupindika kambiri, zinthu zomangika zimakhala ndi gawo lofunika.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-19-2023