Zigawo za kapangidwe ka waya ndi zinthu za chingwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kugawidwa m'magawo anayi akuluakulu: ma conductor, zigawo zotetezera kutentha, zigawo zotchingira ndi zipolopolo, komanso zinthu zodzaza ndi zinthu zomangirira, ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi momwe zinthuzi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, zinthu zina zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kosavuta kwambiri, ndi gawo limodzi lokha la kapangidwe ka waya, monga mawaya opanda kanthu pamwamba, mawaya a catenary, mabasi a mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu (mabasi), ndi zina zotero. Kuteteza kwamagetsi kwakunja kwa zinthuzi kumatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito zotetezera kutentha ndi mtunda wa malo panthawi yoyika ndi kuyikira (ndiko kuti, pogwiritsa ntchito chotetezera kutentha cha mpweya).
Zambiri mwa zinthu za waya ndi chingwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana (kunyalanyaza zolakwika zopangira) ndipo zili ngati mikwingwirima yayitali. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe akuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma circuits kapena ma coil mu makina kapena zida. Chifukwa chake, pophunzira ndikuwunika kapangidwe ka zinthu za chingwe, ndikofunikira kungoyang'ana ndikuwunika kuchokera ku zigawo zawo.
Zotsatirazi ndi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kapangidwe ka chingwe ndi zida za chingwe:
1. Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka chingwe: Woyendetsa
Mawaya ndi zigawo zazikulu komanso zofunika kwambiri kuti zinthu zigwire ntchito yotumiza chidziwitso cha mafunde amagetsi kapena amagetsi. Waya ndi chidule cha conductive core.
Ndi zipangizo ziti zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu ma conductor a chingwe? Zipangizo za ma conductor nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo zokhala ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yamagetsi monga mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu. Zingwe za kuwala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maukonde olumikizirana a kuwala omwe apangidwa mwachangu m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi zimagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa kuwala ngati ma conductor.
2. Kapangidwe ka chingwe: Chotetezera kutentha
Chotchingira magetsi ndi gawo lomwe limaphimba mbali zonse za waya ndipo limagwira ntchito ngati chotchingira magetsi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, limatha kuonetsetsa kuti mafunde amagetsi kapena mafunde amagetsi, mafunde owala amayenda pa waya okha ndipo samayenda kunja. Mphamvu pa kondakitala (ndiko kuti, kusiyana komwe kumapangidwira ku zinthu zozungulira, ndiko kuti, magetsi) ikhoza kuchotsedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti wayayo ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso chitetezo cha zinthu zakunja ndi anthu. Mawaya ndi zigawo zotchingira magetsi ndi zigawo ziwiri zofunika zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo kuti zipange zinthu za chingwe (kupatula mawaya opanda kanthu).
Kodi zipangizo zotetezera mawaya ndi zingwe ndi ziti? Masiku ano, magulu a zipangizo zotetezera mawaya ndi zingwe amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mapulasitiki ndi rabala. Zipangizo za polima ndizofala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu za waya ndi zingwe zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana komanso zofunikira pa chilengedwe. Zipangizo zotetezera mawaya ndi zingwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga polyvinyl chloride (PVC),polyethylene yolumikizidwa ndi mtanda (XLPE), fluoroplastics, mankhwala a rabara, mankhwala a rabara a ethylene propylene, ndi zipangizo zotetezera rabara la silicone.
3. Chingwe kapangidwe kake: Chigoba
Zinthu za waya ndi chingwe zikayikidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, payenera kukhala zinthu zomwe zimateteza chinthu chonsecho, makamaka gawo loteteza. Ichi ndi chivundikirocho. Chifukwa chakuti zinthu zotetezera zimafunika kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zotetezera magetsi zamitundu yonse, ndikofunikira kufunikira kuyera kwambiri komanso kusadetsedwa kwambiri kwa zinthuzo. Nthawi zambiri, sizingatheke kuganizira mphamvu zake zoteteza kudziko lakunja. Chifukwa chake, nyumba zosiyanasiyana zoteteza ziyenera kukhala ndi udindo wopirira kapena kukana mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zamakina kuchokera kunja (monga, kukhazikitsa, malo ogwiritsira ntchito komanso panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito), kukana chilengedwe chamlengalenga, kukana mankhwala kapena mafuta, kupewa kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo, komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa zamoto. Ntchito zazikulu za zivundikiro za chingwe ndi kuteteza madzi, kuletsa moto, kukana moto komanso kupewa dzimbiri. Zinthu zambiri za chingwe zomwe zimapangidwa makamaka kuti zikhale ndi malo abwino akunja (monga malo oyera, ouma, komanso amkati opanda mphamvu zakunja zamakina), kapena omwe ali ndi zinthu zotetezera zomwe mwachibadwa zimakhala ndi mphamvu zinazake zamakina komanso kukana nyengo, zimatha kukhala popanda gawo loteteza.
Kodi pali mitundu yanji ya zipangizo za chingwe? Zipangizo zazikulu za chingwe zimaphatikizapo mphira, pulasitiki, zokutira, silicone, ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za ulusi, ndi zina zotero. Makhalidwe a gawo loteteza la mphira ndi pulasitiki ndi ofewa komanso opepuka, ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zingwe zoyenda. Komabe, popeza zipangizo zonse za mphira ndi pulasitiki zili ndi madzi okwanira, zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati zipangizo za polima zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotetezera chingwe. Kenako ogwiritsa ntchito ena angafunse chifukwa chake pulasitiki imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loteteza pamsika? Poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe a zikwama za pulasitiki, zikwama za mphira zimakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso kusinthasintha, zimalimbana ndi ukalamba, koma njira yawo yopangira ndi yovuta kwambiri. Zikwama za pulasitiki zimakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zamakina komanso kukana madzi, ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri, mtengo wotsika komanso zosavuta kukonza. Chifukwa chake, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsika. Anzanu amakampani ayenera kudziwa kuti pali mtundu wina wa chikwama chachitsulo. Zikwama zachitsulo sizimangokhala ndi ntchito zoteteza makina komanso ntchito yoteteza yomwe yatchulidwa pansipa. Alinso ndi zinthu monga kukana dzimbiri, kulimba kwa kukanikiza ndi kukanikiza, komanso kukana madzi, zomwe zingalepheretse chinyezi ndi zinthu zina zovulaza kulowa mkati mwa chotetezera chingwe. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zikopa za zingwe zamagetsi zotetezedwa ndi mafuta zomwe zimakhala ndi kukana kwa chinyezi.
4. Kapangidwe ka chingwe: Chotchinga
Chitsulo chotchingira ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pazinthu zamagetsi kuti zitheke kusiyanitsa magetsi ndi magetsi. Sichimangoletsa ma signal amkati mwa magetsi kuti asatuluke ndikusokoneza zida zakunja, mita kapena mizere ina, komanso chimaletsa mafunde akunja amagetsi kuti asalowe mu dongosolo la chingwe kudzera mu kulumikizana. Mwa kapangidwe kake, chitsulocho sichimangokhala kunja kwa chingwe komanso chilipo pakati pa awiriawiri kapena magulu a mawaya mu zingwe zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa "zowonera zamagetsi zodzipatula" zamitundu yambiri. M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zingwe zolumikizirana pafupipafupi komanso zotsutsana ndi kusokoneza, zida zotchingira zasintha kuchoka pa matepi achikhalidwe a pepala ndi mapepala a semiconductor kupita ku zida zapamwamba kwambiri mongamatepi a mylar ojambula a aluminiyamu, matepi a mkuwa a mylar, ndi matepi a mkuwa. Mapangidwe odziwika bwino a chitetezo amaphatikizapo zigawo zotchingira mkati zopangidwa ndi ma polima oyendetsera kapena matepi oyendetsera, komanso zigawo zotchingira zakunja monga tepi yamkuwa yolumikizira ndi ma mesh amkuwa olumikizidwa. Pakati pawo, gawo lolumikizidwa limagwiritsa ntchito mkuwa wolumikizidwa ndi tin kuti liwonjezere kukana dzimbiri. Pazochitika zapadera, monga zingwe zosinthasintha pogwiritsa ntchito tepi yamkuwa + waya wamkuwa wolumikizira, zingwe za data zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kukulunga kwa aluminium longitudinal + kapangidwe kosalala, ndi zingwe zamankhwala zomwe zimafuna zigawo zokulungidwa ndi mkuwa zokulungidwa ndi siliva. Pakubwera kwa nthawi ya 5G, kapangidwe ka hybrid shielding ya tepi yolumikizidwa ndi aluminium-plastic ndi waya wamkuwa wolumikizidwa ndi tin kakhala yankho lalikulu la zingwe zolumikizira kwambiri. Machitidwe amakampani akuwonetsa kuti gawo lotchingira lasintha kuchoka pa kapangidwe kowonjezera kupita ku gawo lodziyimira pawokha la chingwe. Kusankha zipangizo zake kuyenera kuganizira mozama za ma frequency, magwiridwe antchito opindika ndi zinthu zodula kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zogwirizana ndi ma elekitiromatiki pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito.
5. Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka chingwe: Kapangidwe kodzazidwa
Zinthu zambiri za waya ndi chingwe zimakhala ndi ma core ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zingwe zambiri zamagetsi zotsika zimakhala ndi ma core anayi kapena asanu (oyenera machitidwe a magawo atatu), ndipo zingwe zamafoni za mumzinda zimabwera m'ma pair 800, ma pair 1200, ma pair 2400 mpaka ma pair 3600. Pambuyo poti ma cores a waya otetezedwa awa alumikizidwa (kapena alumikizidwa m'magulu kangapo), pali mavuto awiri: limodzi ndilakuti mawonekedwe ake si ozungulira, ndipo lina ndilakuti pali mipata yayikulu pakati pa ma cores a waya otetezedwa. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe kodzaza kayenera kuwonjezedwa panthawi yolumikiza ma cable. Kapangidwe kodzaza kamapangitsa kuti ma cable akunja akhale ozungulira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chidebecho chizikulungidwa ndi kutulutsidwa, komanso kuti kapangidwe ka chingwe kakhale kolimba komanso mkati mwake mukhale olimba. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito (potambasula, kukanikiza ndi kupindika popanga ndi kuika), mphamvu imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana popanda kuwononga kapangidwe ka mkati ka chingwe. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kapangidwe kodzaza ndi kapangidwe kothandiza, ndikofunikiranso, ndipo pali malamulo atsatanetsatane pakusankha zinthu zake ndi kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe.
Zipangizo zodzazira chingwe: Kawirikawiri, zodzazira chingwe zimaphatikizapo tepi ya polypropylene, chingwe cha PP chosalukidwa, chingwe cha hemp, kapena zipangizo zotsika mtengo zopangidwa ndi rabara yobwezerezedwanso. Kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zodzazira chingwe, iyenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe osayambitsa mavuto pa chingwe chotetezedwa, osati chopanda hygroscopic chokha, chosachedwa kufooka komanso chosawononga.
6. Kapangidwe ka chingwe: Zinthu zolimba
Zinthu zachikhalidwe za waya ndi chingwe zimadalira gawo la chitetezo cha m'chikwama kuti ziphimbe mphamvu zakunja zomangika kapena mphamvu zomangika zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kulemera kwawo. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala zomangira tepi yachitsulo ndi zomangira zachitsulo (mwachitsanzo, pa zingwe zam'madzi, mawaya olimba achitsulo okhala ndi mainchesi a 8mm amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikupotozedwa kuti apange gawo la chitetezo). Komabe, kuti ateteze ulusi wowala ku mphamvu zazing'ono zomangika ndikuletsa kusintha pang'ono kwa ulusi komwe kungakhudze magwiridwe antchito a kutumiza, kapangidwe ka chingwe cha ulusi wowala kamakhala ndi zokutira zoyambira ndi zachiwiri komanso zida zapadera zomangika. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati chingwe cha mahedifoni cha foni yam'manja chimagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe komwe waya wosalala wamkuwa kapena tepi yopyapyala yamkuwa imazunguliridwa ndi ulusi wopangidwa ndipo gawo loteteza limatulutsidwa kunja, ulusi wopangidwa uwu ndiye gawo lomangika. Pomaliza, muzinthu zapadera, zazing'ono komanso zosinthasintha zomwe zapangidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito kambiri kopindika ndi kupotoza, zinthu zomangika zimagwira ntchito yayikulu.
Ndi zipangizo ziti zomwe zikuphatikizidwa pa zipangizo zomangira chingwe: zitsulo, mawaya achitsulo, ndi mapepala achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-25-2025